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³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö HOME > ÀÚ·á½Ç > ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö
Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Æòź¸é (new)
: µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÇüÇÐÀÌ °áÄÚ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ð½À
(The remarkable African Planation Surface)
Michael J. Oard

     µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³(uniformitarian) ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ ÇÏ¿¡¼­ ÁöÇüÇÐ(geomorphology)Àº ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¼³¸íÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î ÁöÇü Áß Çϳª°¡ Æòź¸é(planation surface, ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é)ÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Æòź¸éµéÀº ÇѶ§ ³Ê¹«µµ ±¤´ëÇßÀ¸¸ç, ºñ±³Àû ÈçÇϰí, Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â ¾î¶² ´ë·úº¸´Ù ¸¹Àº Æòź¸éµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, Æòź¸éÀÇ ¿¬´ë¿Í ¼ö´Â Ç×»ó ³í¶õÀÌ µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ÇÕ¼º ±×¸²Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é(African Surface)À̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ ÈÖ¾îÁø Æòź¸éÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» °á·Ð³»¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº °ß°íÇǰ¢(duricrust)À̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â È­ÇÐÀû ħÀü¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾º¿öÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. °ß°íÇǰ¢ÀÇ ±â¿øÀº ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ÀÌ´Ù. Æòź¸é°ú ħ½Ä¸éÀº ´ë·úÀÇ À¶±â µ¿¾È¿¡, ¹°·¯°¡´Â È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½±°Ô Çü¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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  ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÇѶ§ Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ â¼¼±â È«¼ö¸¦ ¹èÁ¦½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á, Áö±¸ Ç¥¸éÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» ½±°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß¾ú´Ù. Àª¸®¾ö ¸ð¸®½º µ¥À̺ñ½º(William Morris Davis)´Â 20¼¼±â Ãʹݰú Á߹ݿ¡ °¡Àå À¯¸íÇÑ ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»Çß´Ù :

¡±°Ýº¯¼³(catastrophism)À̶ó´Â ±³¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀº À°Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ¹ßÀüÇϱ⿡ ¾Õ¼­¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´ø ÇʼöÀû ´Ü°è¿´´Ù.¡±[1]

±×´Â 19¼¼±â ÈĹݿ¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¼¼°è°üÀÇ º¯È­·Î ÀÎÇØ, ÁöÇüÇÐÀû Ư¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ°¡ °ð Ȱ¹ßÇØÁú  °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹ÃøÇß¾ú´Ù :

¡±ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°Ô µÈ »ç½ÇµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§, ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼±â(20¼¼±â)¿¡´Â Áö¸®Àû ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î äÅÃµÉ ±Ùº»Àû ¼³¸í ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù.¡±[2]

±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ÃøÀº Ʋ¸° °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÔÁõµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº 1¼¼±â Àü¿¡ ºñÇØ Áö±¸ Ç¥¸éÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÁöÇüÇÐÀû ÆÛÁñµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥À» ã´Âµ¥, ´õ ÀÌ»ó ³ª°¡Áö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. »ç½Ç, ±×µéÀº ÀüÇô ³«°üÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱâÀ§ÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» »ç½Ç»ó Æ÷±âÇß´Ù. ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×µéÀÌ À߸øµÈ ¼¼°è°üÀ» äÅÃÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


ÁöÇüÇÐÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

ÁöÇüÇÐ(Geomorphology)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀǵǴ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ ºÐ¾ßÀÌ´Ù.

¡±Áö±¸ Ç¥¸éÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±¸¼ºÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â °úÇÐ. ƯÈ÷, ÇöÀç ÁöÇüÀÇ ºÐ·ù, ¹¦»ç, ¼ºÁú, ±â¿ø, °úÁ¤, ¹ß´Þ, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ·¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ç¥¸é Ư¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ±â·ÏµÈ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû º¯È­ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÏ´Â Çй®¡±[4]

ÁöÇü(landform)Àº

¡±Æ¯Â¡ÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬Àû ¿øÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁø, ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ ¹°¸®Àû, ÀÎ½Ä °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇüÅÂ, ¶Ç´Â Ư¼ºÀ¸·Î, ±×°ÍÀº Æò¿ø, °í¿ø, »ê°ú °°Àº ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ÇüÅ¿Í, ¾ð´ö, °è°î, °æ»ç, ¿¡½ºÄ¿(esker), »ç±¸¿Í °°Àº ÀÛÀº ÇüŵéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.¡±[5]

ÁöÇüÇÐÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ À̸§Àº 'Áö¹®ÇÐ(¡®physiography)'°ú 'ÀÚ¿¬Áö¸®ÇÐ(physical geography)'ÀÌ´Ù. Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀº ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÁöÇüÇп¡ µû¶ó ¼¼ºÐµÇ¾ú°í, 'Áö¹æ(provinces)'À̶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁø´Ù.

ÁöÁúÇÐ ¿ë¾îÁý Á¦5ÆÇ¿¡ ¼­¼úµÈ 'ÁöÇü(landform)'ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â 'ÀÚ¿¬Àû °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ(by natural processes)'À̶ó´Â ¸»À» Ãß°¡ÇÑ °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â, ÀÌÀüÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐ ¿ë¾î»çÀü°ú[6] µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. Ãß°¡µÆ´ø ¸»Àº ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¼­¼úÀûÀ̾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ¿ë¾îÀÇ Á¤ÀǷμ­´Â ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Áö³­ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ´Ù·çÁö¸¸, ÁöÀû¼³°è´Â ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù´Â °úÇÐÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í À¯»çÇÏ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬Àû °úÁ¤¸¸ÀÌ Ç×»ó °ú°Å¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é, ¹ß°ßµÈ À¯¹°°ú ÈçÀûµéÀ» ÀÚ¿¬Àû °úÁ¤ÀÇ °á°ú¹°·Î º¸Áö ¾Ê´Â °í°íÇÐÀº ¾î¶»°Ô °úÇÐÀ̶ó°í ºÒ·ÁÁú ¼ö Àִ°¡? °ú°Å¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁø Ư¼ºÀ» ´Ù·ê ¶§, ÁöÀû¼³°èÀÇ °¡´É¼ºµµ Ç×»ó ¿­·Á ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

ÁöÇüÇп¡¼­ ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿øÀº 200³â ÈÄÀÎ ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ È¥µ·¿¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÇüÇÐÀÌ Ã³À½ ¹ßÀüÇß´ø ¿µ±¹ ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ÁöÇü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ½Å·ÚÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡¼³Á¶Â÷ Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.


ÁöÇüÇÐÀº ÁöÇüÀ» ¼³¸íÇϴµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

ÁöÇüÇÐÀº °í¿ø(plateau)À» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¶§, ³ôÀÌ, ³ÐÀÌ, °æ»ç µîÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿©, ´Ù¸¥ °í¿ø°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, ±×°ÍÀ» ºÐ·ùÇÑ´Ù. ÁöÇüÇÐÀº ÁöÇüÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÁöÇü»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °í¿øÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇؿԴÙ. ±×·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀº ±× ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ°¡ °®°í ÀÖ´Â ¼¼°è°ü, ¶Ç´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Á¤(assumptions)µé¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ·ù ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¼¼°è°üÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇ(naturalism)¶ó´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ, ÁöÇü¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾öû³­ ·®ÀÇ ³í¹®µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÇÆÐÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµé ´ëºÎºÐÀº 1960³â´ë¿Í 1970³â´ë ÀÌÈķδÂ, ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.[7, 8] ÁöÇüÇп¡¼­ ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº 200³â ÈÄÀÎ ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ È¥µ·¿¡ ºüÁ®ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÇüÇÐÀÌ Ã³À½ ¹ßÀüÇß´ø ¿µ±¹ ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ÁöÇü¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ½Å·ÚÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡¼³Á¶Â÷ Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.[9] ±×µéÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ °üÃøµÇ´Â °­ÀÇ Ä§½Ä, dzȭ, »ê»çÅ µî°ú °°Àº, ÀÛÀº °úÁ¤µéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÈÄÅðÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ °­Á¶µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÁöÇüÇÐÀº °úÁ¤ÁöÇüÇÐ(process geomorphology)À̶ó ºÒ¸®¸ç, ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«½ÃÇϸ鼭, ÀÛÀº ½Ã°£ Ʋ°ú Áö¿ª¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À» µÐ´Ù.[10] ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç °üÃø °¡´ÉÇÑ °úÁ¤µéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ​​¾ðÁ¨°¡´Â ÁöÇüÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⸦ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Èñ¸ÁÇϸ鼭µµ, ¹°·Ð ¾ö°ÝÇÑ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³·Î »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÆÇ±¸Á¶·Ð, ¼öÆòÀû, ¶Ç´Â ¼öÁ÷Àû ´ë·ú ¿îµ¿ µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ °á±¹ ¡±Áö³­ ¼ö½Ê ³â µ¿¾È Å©°Ô ¹«½ÃµÇ¾î¿Ô´ø ÁöÇüÀÇ ÁøÈ­¿Í º¯È­ ¼Óµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿À·¡µÈ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ȱ¹ßÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁÙ °Í¡±À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.[11]

 

ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸é

¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÇÑ ÁöÇüÇÐÀû Ư¡ Áß Çϳª´Â Ç¥¸é ħ½Ä, ¶Ç´Â Æòź¸éÀÌ´Ù. ħ½Ä¸é(erosion surface)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤Àǵǰí ÀÖ´Ù : ¡±Ä§½ÄÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÇ°í °¡¶ó¾ÉÀº À°Áö Ç¥¸é. ƯÈ÷ È帣´Â ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÈ Ç¥¸é. ÀÌ ¿ë¾î´Â ¼öÆò¸é ¶Ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù.¡±[12] ħ½Ä¸éÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ ±âº¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀÌ´Ù. Æòź¸é(planation surface)Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÆòźÇÑ, ¶Ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ Ä§½Ä Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵȴÙ.[13] ÀϺΠÆòź¸éÀº ±Øµµ·Î ÆòźÇÏ´Ù(±×¸² 1). ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡´Â ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî Àִµ¥, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¸¹Àº ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éÀº ¹°ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ý°Ü³­ µÕ±Ù µ¹µéÀ» À§ÂÊ¿¡ °®°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


±×¸² 1. »çÀÌÇÁ·¯½º ÈúÁî(Cypress Hills) ¼­ºÎÀÇ Æòź¸éÀÇ À­ºÎºÐ. ÀÌ ÁöÇ¥¸éÀº 400km ÀÌ»ó ¶³¾îÁ®ÀÖ´Â ´ë·úºÐ¼ö·É(continental divide)¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, »óÃþºÎ¿¡ Æò±Õ ¾à 23m Å©±âÀÇ µÕ±Ù ±Ô¾Ï ÀÚ°¥°ú °Å·Â(boulders)µé·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ´Ù.
 

±×¸² 2. ¿ö½ÌÅæ ÁÖ ½º³×ÀÌÅ© °­À» µû¶ó À§Ä¡ÇÑ, ¸®Æ²±¸½º ´ï(Little Goose Dam) ¼­ÂÊÀÇ ¹ÌÁ¹¶ó È£¼ö È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »çÁÖ(bar). ¸·´ë ¹ÙÀÇ ½ºÄÉÀÏÀº ¾à 60m µÎ²²·Î, ½ÇÁ¦ ¸ðµÎ Çö¹«¾Ï ÀÚ°¥µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÄÝ·Òºñ¾Æ °­ Çö¹«¾Ï ±âÁú·ÎºÎÅÍ Ä§½ÄµÈ µ¹µéÀÌ´Ù.

Æòź¸é°ú °ü·ÃÇØ¼­ ¾à°£ÀÇ È¥µ¿ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀº ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ´Ü´ÜÇÑ ¾Ï¼®ÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÆ°Å³ª, ¶§·Î´Â ±»¾îÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ´ë°Ô °Ñ¸é¿¡ µÕ±Ù ¾Ï¼®µé·Î µÚµ¤¿© ÀÖ´Ù. µÕ±Ù ¾Ï¼®µéÀº ¹°ÀÌ Æòź¸éÀ» Çü¼ºÇßÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀº ´Ù¸¥ ±â¿øÀÇ ÆòÆòÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é°ú È¥µ¿µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀº ÇϾȴܱ¸(river terraces), »çÁÖ(river bars), ¹ü¶÷¿ø(flood plains), ¼±»óÁö(alluvial fans) µî°ú °°Àº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ ÅðÀûµÇ´Â °÷ÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ ÅðÀû¹° Ç¥¸éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¹ÌÁ¹¶ó È£¼ö(Lake Missoula)ÀÇ È«¼ö·Î ÀÎÇÑ ½º³×ÀÌÅ© ¸®¹ö ¹ë¸®(Snake River Valley)¸¦ µû¶ó ÀÖ´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ ÀÚ°¥ »çÁÖ(gravel bars) Áß ÀϺδ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ °æ»çÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù(±×¸² 2). ¸Ö¸®¼­ º¸¸é ±×¸² 2ÀÇ »çÁÖ´Â Æòź¸éÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¹ÌÁ¹¶ó È£¼öÀÇ È«¼ö µ¿¾È Èê·¶´ø ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çö¹«¾ÏÁúÀÇ °ÅÄ£ ÀÚ°¥µéÀÌ ¾à 70m Á¤µµ ÅðÀûµÇ¾î Çü¼ºµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[14]

°Ô´Ù°¡, Æòź¸éÀº ¿©·¯ ÇØ µ¿¾È ¸¹Àº À̸§À¸·Î ºÒ·Á¿Ô´Ù. (exhumed planation surfaces, angular unconformities µî). Áö¸®ÇÐÀÚ Àª¸®¾ö ¸ð¸®½º µ¥À̺ñ½º(William Morris Davis, 1850~1934)°¡ ÁÖÀåÇß´ø 'ÁöÇüÀÇ À±È¸(cycle of erosion, ħ½ÄÀ±È¸)'¿¡¼­, ÃÖÁ¾ ´Ü°è´Â 'ÁØÆò¿ø(peneplain)'À̶ó°í ºÒ·È´Ù. µ¥À̺ñ½º(1889a, p. 430)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁØÆò¿øÀ̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î´Â ¡±³·°í, Ư¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â, ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ±âº¹À» °¡Áø, »ó´çÇÑ ¸éÀûÀÇ À°Áö Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î ¼Ò°³µÆ´Ù.¡±[15] ÁØÆò¿øÀ̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î´Â 20¼¼±â Ãʹݰú 20¼¼±â Áß¹ÝÀÇ ³í¹®µé¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.(p183, p.430) ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼­ ¸î¸î ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀº Æòź¸éÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù°í °ÍÁ¶Â÷µµ ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» Á¤µµ¿´´Ù.

µ¥À̺ñ½ºÀÇ °¡¼³°ú °ü°è¾øÀÌ, ÁØÆò¿øÀº ½ÇÁ¦ÀÇ Ä§½ÄµÈ Ç¥¸éÀÌÁö, Æòź¸éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÁØÆò¿øÀº °ÅÀÇ Æò¿ø¿¡ ÁØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÆòÆòÇÑ Æòź¸éÀÇ Çü¼ºÀº, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓ¿¡¼­ »ê¸ÆÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¿Ï¸¸ÇÑ ±âº¹ÀÇ Ä§½Ä Ç¥¸éº¸´Ù 10¹è³ª ´õ ¿À·£ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É·ÈÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤·ÐÀÚµéÀº Æòź¸éµµ À屸ÇÑ ¼¼¿ù¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ÀÚ¿¬Àû °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î °¡Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢Àº ¿À´Ã³¯ °üÃøµÇ´Â °Í°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù.(¾Æ·¡¸¦ º¸¶ó). ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ Ä§½Ä Ç¥¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¿ë¾îµéÀº 'pediplain', 'panplain' 'etchplain' µîÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ë¾îµéÀº ħ½Ä Ç¥¸é ¶Ç´Â Æòź¸éÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû °¡¼³¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁø ¿ë¾îµéÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû °¡¼³¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ¸¸µé¾îÁø ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ë¾îµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¸, ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¼³¸íÀûÀÎ ¿ë¾îÀÎ 'Æòź¸é(planation surface)'°ú °£È¤ 'ħ½Ä¸é(erosion surface)'À» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÏ´Ü Æòź¸éÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ÆÄ±«Çϰųª, ±× Å©±â¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ´Â ¸¹Àº °úÁ¤µéÀÌ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ±× °úÁ¤µéÀº ħ½Ä, °³¼®(dissection), ±¸Á¶Àû ±Õ¿­, ±â¿ï¾îÁü(tilting) µîÀ¸·Î, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇѶ§ ÈξÀ ´õ ÄÇ´ø Æòź¸é¿¡¼­ ³²°ÜÁø ħ½Ä ÀÜÇØµé·Î °£ÁֵȴÙ.


±×¸² 3. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ªÀÇ Æòź¸é.  1.5~ 3km µÎ²²ÀÇ ¾öû³­ ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÆ´Ù. 

±×¸² 4. ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹ÖÀÇ ±×·¹À̺Ò(Greybull) ¼­ÂÊÀÇ, ºòÈ£¸¥ ºÐÁö(Bighorn Basin) ºÏµ¿ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ ÀÛÀº °í¿ø À§¿¡ ³ªÀÖ´Â Æòź¸é. ÁöÃþÀº ¼­ÂÊ¿¡¼­ µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 30¡Æ Á¤µµ ±â¿ï¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ½À» ÁÖ¸ñÇ϶ó.

Æòź¸éÀÇ ³²°ÜÁø ÀÜÀç¹°(remnants)Àº »ê Á¤»óºÎ, »êÀÇ °¡ÀåÀÚ¸®(Æäµð¸ÕÆ®¶ó ºÒ·ÁÁü), °í¿ø, Æò¿ø, ÆòźÇÑ °è°î ¹Ù´Ú¿¡¼­ °üÂûµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÌ Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡¼­, ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ª(±×¸² 3)°ú °°Àº °÷Àº 1,800m 3,000m µÎ²²ÀÇ ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾î »ç¶óÁö°í, Æòź¸éÀ» Çü¼ºÇߴµ¥, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® »è¹Ú(the Great Denudation)À̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù.[16] ħ½Ä ÈÄ¿¡ °ÅÀÇ ÆòÆòÇÑ Æòź¸éÀÌ ³²°ÜÁ³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¡Àå ´«¿¡ ¶ì´Â Æòź¸éÀº °æ»çÁø ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀ» Àý´ÜÇÏ°í ³²°ÜÁø ÆòźÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀÌ´Ù(±×¸² 4). À̵é ÁöÃþµéÀÇ Àß·ÁÁø Æò¸éÀº Æòź¸éÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áø´Ù.[17] ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀº ´ëü·Î ¿¬Áú ¹× °æÁúÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ´Ù. ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ ´À¸° ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù¸é, ´Ü´ÜÇÑ °æÁúÀÇ ¾Ï¼®Àº »êµî¼ºÀÌ·Î ³²°ÜÁ³À» °ÍÀ̰í, ´õ ºÎµå·¯¿î ¿¬ÁúÀÇ ¾Ï¼®Àº ħ½ÄÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô ±ð¿©³ª°¡ °è°îÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æòź¸éÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â µ¿¾È, ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀ» Àý´Ü½ÃŲ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀº °æÁú ¹× ¿¬ÁúÀÇ °æ»çÁø ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀ» °°Àº °¢µµ·Î ÇÔ²² ¸ðµÎ Àß¶ó³»¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀº °­·ÂÇÑ ¹°ÀÇ È帧À» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, Æòź¸éÀº ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÇ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ Á¤µµ¿Í´Â »ó°ü¾øÀÌ µ¶¸³ÀûÀ¸·Î, Áö¿ªÀû ±Ô¸ð·Î °üÃøµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹ÖÀÇ À¯ÀΟ »ê¸Æ(Uinta Mountains)ÀÇ ºÏÂÊ °æ»ç¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±æ¹öÆ® ÇÇÅ© Æòź¸é(Gilbert Peak planation surface)Àº ½Å»ý´ë ºê¸´Àú ÁöÃþ(Bridger Formation)¿¡¼­ ¼±Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±â ÁöÃþ±îÁö ¸ðµç ¿¬´ëÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®µéÀ» ¹«Â÷º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÔ²² Àý´ÜÇß´Ù°í, ¿ù·¯½º ÇѼ¾(Wallace Hansen)Àº ÁöÀûÇß´Ù.[19] ½Å»ý´ë ½Ã½Å¼¼(Eocene)ÀÇ ºê¸´Àú ÁöÃþÀº ºñ±³Àû ºÎµå·´´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¼±Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±â ¾Ï¼®Àº ´Ü´ÜÇÏ´Ù.


Æòź¸éÀº ÈçÇϰí, Àü ¼¼°è µµÃ³¿¡¼­ °üÃøµÈ´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ°¥°ú µÕ±Ù µ¹µé·Î µÚµ¤ÀÎ, ¿©·¯ Å©±âÀÇ Æòź¸éÀº ¸ðµç ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ÈçÇÏ´Ù.[20] ¶§·Î´Â ÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¿©·¯ ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ ³ôÀÌ¿Í Æòźȭ°¡ ÀϾ ¿¬´ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ³í¶õÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, Æòź¸éÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡´Â ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² Æòź¸éµéÀº 1¾ï ³âÀÌ ³Ñ´Â À屸ÇÑ ¿¬´ë·Î ¸»ÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀçÀÇ Ä§½Ä·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â ¾È¿¡ ±× Ç¥¸éÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÉ °ÍÀÓ¿¡µµ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿À·¡µÈ Æòź¸éÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾Èµµ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.

±×¸² 5. È£ÁÖ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå Å×ÀÌºí·£µå¿¡ ±â¿ï¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â, °ÅÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ÀÇ ÅðÀû¾Ï À§¿¡ Àִ ħ½Ä¸é. ÈÄ¿¡ ¼ö·ÎÈ­ µÈ ħ½ÄÀÌ ÁøÇàµÆ°í, Áö±ÝÀº ¿ï·ëºñ ÆøÆ÷(Wollomombi Falls)°¡ ÀÖ´Â Çù°îÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

·¹½ºÅÍ Å·(Lester King)Àº ¼¼°è °¢±¹ÀÇ Æòź¸é°ú ħ½Ä¸éÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ±â¼úÇß´ø ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ¿´´Ù.[21] Æòź¸éÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ¿¬´ë¿¡ °üÇÑ Àǹ®µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, Æ®À§´Þ(Twidale)Àº ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚÀÎ ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ƲÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇß´Ù. ³²°ÜÁø Æòź¸éµéÀÌ ¾î¶² ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¾ó¸¶ÀÇ ¼ö·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö´Â ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·µµ °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ´ë·úÀÇ 3°³ÀÇ ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ °æ°üµéÀ» ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´Ù.[22-24] ÀÌµé Æòź¸éÀº Á¾Á¾ ÁöÇü¿¡¼­ ³ô°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç, ³î¶øµµ·Ï ÆòźÇÏ´Ù. Å·Àº ¼¼ ³ôÀÌ Áß Çϳª¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇϸ鼭, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¿ÜÃÆ´Ù. ¡±¸ðµç ´ë·úÀÇ ¾öû³ª°Ô ±¤´ëÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡ °ÉÃļ­, ±Øµµ·Î ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ¸Å²ô·¯¿î ÆòźȭÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾÀÖ´Ù.¡±[26]

Æòź¸éÀº ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·úº¸´Ù ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«(¾Æ·¡ ÂüÁ¶)¿Í È£ÁÖ ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ´õ ÈçÇϰí ÀνÄÇϱⰡ ½±´Ù.[27] ±×¸² 5´Â È£ÁÖ µ¿ÁߺÎÀÇ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ±Þ°æ»ç¸é(Great Escarpment, ´Ü¾Ö/Àýº®) ¼­ÂÊÀ¸·Î °æ»çÁø ¼öÁ÷Àû ÁöÃþÀÇ Ä§½Ä¸éÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§½Ä¸éÀº È£ÁÖ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ³ôÀº ÁöÇüÀÇ »ó´ç ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Å×ÀÌºí·£µå(Tableland)¶ó°í ¸»ÇØÁø´Ù.

È£ÁÖ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ´çȲ½º·¯¿î Æòź¸é Áß Çϳª´Â È£ÁÖ ³²ÁߺÎÀÇ ´­¶óº¸¸£ Æò¿ø(Nullarbor Plain)À¸·Î, 200,000km2¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¼®È¸¾Ï Æò¿øÀº ±Øµµ·Î ÆòźÇÏ¿©, ´ë·ú Ⱦ´Ü öµµ°¡ ±¼°î ¾øÀÌ 500km³ª »¸¾î ÀÖ´Ù.[28] ´­¶óº¸¸£ Æò¿øÀÇ ±â¿øÀº Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÀÌ´Ù.

¡±´­¶óº¸¸£ Æò¿øÀÇ ÆòźÇÔÀº... ¿À·§µ¿¾È ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀ» ´çȤ½º·´°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù... ±×°ÍÀº ´ÜÀÏ ³ëÃâµÈ ÁöÃþ¸é°ú °°Àº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû ¸ð½ÀÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´ø »è¹Ú °úÁ¤(degradational process)Àº ¹«¾ùÀ̾ú´Â°¡? 200,000km2ÀÇ ¾öû³­ ³ÐÀÌÀÇ ÁöÇ¥¸éÀº ÆòźÇÏ°Ô ³õ¿©Áø Á߽ż¼ ¼®È¸¾Ï¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, Æò¿øÀÇ ³²ºÎ ¶Ç´Â ÇØ¾È °¡ÀåÀÚ¸® ºÎ±Ù¿¡¼­´Â Àû¾îµµ 60mÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù.¡±[29]

ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ´­¶óº¸¸£ Æò¿øÀ» »õ·Î »ý°Ü³­ ´ë¾çÀú(seafloor)·Î °£ÁÖÇß¾ú´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼®È¸¾Ï(limestone)Àº ÇØ¾ç ±â¿øÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ±× Æò¿øÀº ħ½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¿øÀÎµÈ À°»ó Æòź¸éÀ¸·Î °£Áֵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.[30] µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ½Ã°£ Ʋ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ¾à 1õ¸¸ ³â ÀüÀ¸·Î ¿¬´ë°¡ ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ±Øµµ·Î ÆòźÇÏ´Ù!

¶ÇÇÑ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ´Â dzºÎÇÑ Ä§½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éµéÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִµ¥, °¡·É Ƽºª °í¿ø(Tibetan Plateau)°ú °°Àº °÷À¸·Î, ÈÄ¿¡ ħ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô Àß·ÁÁ³´Ù.[31] ÇÑ Áß±¹ °úÇÐÀÚ´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¡±¸·´ëÇÑ Æòź¸é(a vast planation surface)¡±À¸·Î ¹¦»çÇß´Ù.[32]

Æòź¸éÀº ³²±Ø ´ë·ú¿¡¼­µµ º¸¿©Áø´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ³²±Ø ´ë·ú ºù»ó À§·Î Æ¢¾î³ª¿Â ¸¹Àº »êµé, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ³²±ØÈ¾´Ü »ê¸Æ(Transantarctic Mountains)°ú[33] ³²±Ø¼­ºÎ »ê¸Æ(West Antarctic Mountains)ÀÇ Á¤»óºÎ¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áø´Ù.[34] 

Æòź¸éÀº ³²¹Ì ´ë·úÀÇ ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ°ú µ¿ºÎ ¾Èµ¥½º »ê¸Æ¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Ù.[35-38] À̵é Ç¥¸éÀûÀº ÃÖ´ë 2,000km2¿¡ À̸£´Â ¹üÀ§À̸ç, º¼¸®ºñ¾ÆÀÇ ½Å»ý´ë ÁöÃþó·³ 'ÀþÀº' ½À°îµÈ ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ ²À´ë±â¸¦ ÀÚ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ħ½ÄµÈ ¹°ÁúÀº ÀÌ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ Å©°Ô Á¦°ÅµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ°¥µéÀº ÀϺΠǥ¸éÀ» µÚµ¤°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÇ¥¸éÀº Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ë ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ±í°Ô ÆÄ¿©Á³´Ù.

À¯·´¿¡µµ ¼ö¸¹Àº Æòź¸éµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.[39] À×±Û·£µå ³²ºÎ¿Í ¿þÀÏÁî ¼­ÂÊ¿¡¼­ Àªµå(Weald) µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ À̸£´Â Æòź¸éÀº ¿À·£ ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù.[9, 40, 41] ¿þÀÏÁîÀÇ Æòź¸éÀº ¸Å¿ì ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù.[42] ¿µ±¹ ³²µ¿ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±â¿ï¾îÁø ¹é¾Ç ´É¼±Àº ÆòźÇÏ°Ô °æ»çÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.[43] Æòź¸éÀº ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ¼­ÂÊÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾î Àִµ¥, °ÅÀÇ ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.[44]

ÀüÇüÀûÀΠħ½Ä¸éÀº ¹Ì±¹ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡ ³Î¸® ºÐÆ÷Çϴµ¥[45], ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Çǵå¸óÆ®(Piedmont) Áö¿ª°ú(±×¸² 6), ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀÇ ÇÑÂÊ Ãø¸é(the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge Provinces)ÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ °í¿ø Áö¿ª(±×¸² 7)¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ħ½Ä¸éÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀúÇ×¼ºÀ» °¡Áö´Â º¯ÇüµÈ ¾Ï¼®ÁöÃþÀ» ±ÕµîÇÏ°Ô Àß¶ó³Â´Ù.[46] ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ë µ¿¾È, ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀº À¶±âµÆ°í, ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.[47]


±×¸² 6. ºí·ç¸®Áö »ê¸Æ(Blue Ridge Mountains) µ¿ÂÊ, ÆÄÄ¿½ººô(Parkersville) ±ÙóÀÇ Çǵå¸óÆ®(Piedmont)¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ È£¼ö´Â ±× ÁöÇüÀÇ ÆòźÇÔÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.


±×¸² 7. ÄĹö·£µå °í¿ø(Cumberland Plateau) ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¿ùµç ¸®Áö(Walden Ridge). (Å׳׽ÃÁÖ Ã¤ÅÍ´©°¡(Chattanooga) µ¿ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ¼­ÂÊÀ¸·ÎÀÇ Àü¸Á).
 
¸¹Àº Æòź¸éµéÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ·ÏŰ»ê¸Æ(Rocky Mountains)°ú ÇÏÀÌ Æò¿ø(High Plains)¿¡¼­ °üÃøµÈ´Ù. »ê²À´ë±âÀÇ Æòź¸éÀº À¯ÀΟ »ê¸Æ(Uinta Mountains), ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ ÇÁ·ÐÆ® »ê¸Æ(Front Range), ½Ã¿¡¶ó³×¹Ù´Ù »ê¸Æ(Sierra Nevada Mountains), À©µå¸®¹ö »ê¸Æ(Wind River Mountains), ¾Ð»ç·ÎÄ« »ê¸Æ(Absaroka Mountains), º£¾îÅõ½º »ê¸Æ(Beartooth Mountains), ¾Ë·¡½ºÄ«ÀÇ ÀϺΠ»êµéÀÇ ´É¼±¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.[48-50] ¹Ì±¹ ¼­ºÎÀÇ ÇÑ ÀλóÀûÀÎ Æòź¸éÀº ¼Å¸Õ Ç¥¸é(Sherman Surface)À¸·Î, ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹ÖÁÖ ·¡·¯¹Ì(Laramie)ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼±Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±â È­°­¾ÏÀ» ÀÚ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù.[51] Ç¥¸éÀº µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁ® ÀÖ°í, ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹Ö ³²µ¿ºÎ¿Í ³×ºê·¡½ºÄ« ¼­ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´ëÆò¿ø(Great Plains)ÀÇ ¼±½Å¼¼(Pliocene) ÅðÀûÃþÀÇ ²À´ë±â¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Ç¥¸éÀº ¡±°Ç³Î ÆÇÀÚ(Gangplank, ¹è¿¡¼­ ºÎµÎ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ³õ´Â À̵¿½Ä ´Ù¸®)¡±¶ó°íµµ ºÒ¸®´Âµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³Ê¹«µµ ¸Å²ô·´°í, ÀÜ¿©¹°ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø°í, °ÅÀÇ ÆÄ¿©Á® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.(±×¸² 8 ¹× 9). ±× Ç¥¸éÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ½Ã°£ Ʋ·Î, ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸² 8. ¸Ö¸®±îÁö ħ½Ä Àܱ¸(monadnocks)¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Â ¼Å¸Õ ħ½Ä¸é(Sherman erosion surface). (view southwest from near milepost 346, Interstate 80).
  

±×¸² 9. ¸Ö¸®¼­ º» ¼Å¸Õ ħ½Ä¸é (view southeast from near milepost 346, Interstate 80).
 

Å·ÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä¸é¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀçºÐ¼®

Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·(Lester King)Àº Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Á¸ÀçÇϴ ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éµéÀ» ºÐ¼®Çß´Ù.[21] ±×´Â ±× °á°ú¸¦ ¿©·¯ ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥°ú ¸¹Àº Àú³Î¿¡ °ÔÀçÇß´Ù. Å·Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²µ¿ºÎ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ªÅ»´ëÇÐ(University of Natal) Ãâ½ÅÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ƯÈ÷ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ Æòź¸é¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ ¾à 60%°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³ôÀÌ·Î ÀÖ´Â Æòź¸éµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» È®ÀÎÇß´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ´ë·úº¸´Ùµµ ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éÀ¸·Î µÚµ¤¿©Á® ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑ Æòź¸éÀº »çÇ϶ó»ç¸·ÀÇ ¹Ù·Î ³²ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, µ¿¼­ 5,000km¿Í ³²ºÏ 500km¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÆîÃÄÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.[52] ÆÄÆ®¸®Áö(Partridge)´Â ÀÌ Ç¥¸éÀ» ´ë·ú ³ÐÀÌÀÇ Ä§½Ä Ç¥¸éÀ̶ó´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î ¡±¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é(African Surface)¡±À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù.[53] ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼¼·À°ÔƼ Æò¿ø(Serengeti Plain)¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ³ë´Ò°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº µ¿¹°µéÀÇ ±×¸²À» º¸¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù(±×¸² 10). ±× ÁöÇüÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÆòźÇÑ Áö, ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ»±î? ¼¼·À°ÔƼ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¾Ï¼®µéÀº º¯ÇüµÈ È­¼º¾Ï°ú º¯¼º¾ÏÀÌÁö¸¸ (źÀڴϾƿ¡¼­´Â ÇØ¼ö¸é À§·Î ¾à 1.5km µÎ²²), ¾Ï¼®µéÀº »ó´çÈ÷ ÆòźÇÑ Ä§½Ä Ç¥¸éÀ» °®°í Àִ ä·Î °æ»çÁ®ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸² 10. µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¼¼·À°ÔƼ Æò¿øÀÇ ÆòÆòÇÑ Æòź¸é. ÁöÇ¥¸é ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ º¯ÇüµÈ È­¼º¾Ï°ú º¯¼º¾ÏÀ» ÆòźÇÏ°Ô Àß¶ó³»¾ú´Ù.
 
·¹½ºÅÍ Å·Àº ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ¿¬´ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ý°¢À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.[54] ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ë ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¸¹Àº ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌµé ¼¼ºÎ »çÇ׿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â Å©°Ô ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀǰߵéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Æòź¸é¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸¹Àº ³í¹®µéÀº ¸Å¿ì º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¿Ã¸®¾î¿Í ¸¶Ä¿(Ollier and Marker)´Â ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Å·ÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é À¯ÇüÀÇ Áö¿ªÀ» ÀçºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿©, 5~6 °³ÀÇ Ä§½Ä¸é ´ë½Å¿¡, ´ÜÁö 2°³¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù.[64] ÇØ¹ß °íµµ ¾à 1500m ³ôÀÌ¿¡ »óºÎ ÁØÆò¿ø(upper paleoplain)°ú ÇØ¾È ħ½Ä¸é(coastal erosion surface)ÀÇ µÎ °³¸¸ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̵éÀº ÇØ¾È¿¡¼­ ³»·úÀ¸·Î ¾à 100km Á¤µµÀÇ ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ÀÖ´Â ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾ÖGreat Esca(rpment)·Î ºÐ¸®µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù(±×¸² 11a ¹× b).
 

±×¸² 11a. ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö(Great Escarpment, À§´ëÇÑ Àýº®, ½Ç¼±)Àº ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ÁÖº¯¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.(after Oard, ref. 67, p. 54). Àýº®Àº ÇØ¾È¿¡¼­ ³»·úÀ¸·Î ¾à 100km ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ħ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ³»·úÀ¸·Î Åð°¢ÇØÀÖ´Ù.
  

±×¸² 11b. ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ °¡·ÎÁö¸£´Â ´Ü¸éµµ´Â ÇØ¾È ´Ü¸éÀÇ À¶±âµÇ¾î ½À°îµÈ ¸ð½À°ú ¹Ù´Ù ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÑ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾ÖÀÇ ÁöÃþÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.(from Oard, ref. 67, p. 53). ÇÏÀÌÆçÆ®(Highveld) °í¿ø°ú ³ªÅ»(Natal) ÇØ¾È Æò¿ø »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µå¶óÄËÁî¹ö±× ´Ü¾Ö(Drakensberg Escarpment)´Â ¾à 3,000mÀÇ ³ôÀÌÀÌ´Ù.

ħ½Ä¸é ¶Ç´Â Æòź¸éÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â Àª¸®¾ö ¸ð¸®½º µ¥À̺ñ½ºÀÇ ¡±À±È¸ ÁÖ±â(cycle of erosion)¡±¿Í, °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °÷ÀÇ ÁØÆò¿øÀ» ¸¶À½¿¡ ±×¸®´ø µ¿·á ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ »ý°¢°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸¹Àº ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ȸÀÇÀûÀ̾ú´Ù.[65] ±×·¯ÇÑ Åµµ´Â °úÀ× ¹ÝÀÀÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î Æòź¸éÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁÖ·Î Æòź¸éÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦¾ÈµÆ´ø ´Ù¾çÇÑ °¡¼³µé°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æòź¸éÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Æòź¸éÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù :

¡±1985³â±îÁö ¾Æ¹«µµ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀÇ ½ÇÁ¸À» ºÎÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ÁöÇüÇÐÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû À¯Çü ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­, ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹üÀ§, ºÐÆ÷, ¿¬´ë, Ư¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³í¶õÀº °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù.¡±[64]

¹öÅ©¿Í °Ç³Ú(Burke and Gunnell)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù : ¡±¿ä¾àÇϸé, Áö³­ 50³â µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ¿ë¾îÀÇ ÁøÈ­´Â... ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ» ÁöÇüÇÐÀû Çö½Ç·Î¼­ È®°íÈ÷ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.¡±[66]

¹öÅ©¿Í °Ç³ÚÀº ÃÖ±Ù ´ë·ú ÀüüÀÇ Á¶¸ÁÀ¸·Î, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Æòź¸éÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù.[54] ±×µéÀº Æòź¸éÀ» ÆÇ±¸Á¶, µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¿­°î, ½Å»ý´ë Áß ¸»±âÀÇ Áö°¢ º¯Çü µî°ú °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÁúÇÐÀû »ç°Çµé°ú ¿¬°áÇß´Ù. ÀÌ º¯ÇüÀº »óÇâÀû ºÎÇ®À½¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À¶±â, ºÐÁö ³»·Î ÁöÃþÀÇ Ä§°­ µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Ã߷аú »ó´çÈ÷ ±ÙÁ¢ÇØ º¸¿´Áö¸¸, ÀúÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÅëÇÕÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· °á·ÐÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¸é¼­, ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÀüÀÌ °ð ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù :

¡±¡®¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é(African Surface)¡¯À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î´Â ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¿ÔÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù ¸î ³â°£ÀÇ ¿¬±¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿ë¾îµéÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.¡±[66]

¹öÅ©¿Í °Ç³ÚÀº ¸¹Àº Æòź¸éµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÇϳªÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä¸é¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×´Ù.[54] ±×µéÀº ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·ÀÌ ¹Ï¾ú´ø °Í°ú °°Àº, ¾î¶² ¿À·¡µÈ ħ½Ä¸éÀ» ¹Ï°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.

Å·À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÀÌÀü ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº, ÁÖ·Î °íµµ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Æòź¸éÀ» ¿¬°ü½ÃÄ×´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÆÇ±¸Á¶·Ð(plate tectonics)À» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿©, ¹öÅ©¿Í °Ç³ÚÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀº ¾à 1¾ï8õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ ÃÊ´ë·ú ÆÇ°Ô¾Æ¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾ú°í, 1¾ï8õ¸¸~1¾ï5õ¸¸ ³â Àü ÀÌÈÄ·Î 3õ¸¸ ³â Àü±îÁö º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î '¾ÈÁ¤Àû'À̾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.[54] ±×µéÀº Æòź¸éÀº ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ȯ°æ¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çß´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä¸éÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´ø ħ½ÄÀº ÀÌ ¾ÈÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ±â°£ µ¿¾È¿¡, »êµé, À¶±âµÈ Ãø¸éÀÇ Æ´, È­»êµéÀ» ¾Æ·¡ÂÊÀ¸·Î ±ð¾Æ³»¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[65] ÀÌ ½Ã±â µ¿¾È ÁöÇ¥¸éÀº ÆòźÇϰųª, °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀ» µå·¯³ÂÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù. ÀÌµé ´ë·« 1¾ï5õ¸¸ ³âÀÇ ±â°£ µ¿¾È, ¶§¶§·Î Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ÇØ¾ç ¹ü¶÷, À°»ó ÅðÀû, È­»ê Ȱµ¿µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ½Å»ý´ë Á¦3±â Áß¹ÝÀÎ ¾à 3õ¸¸ ³â Àü¿¡ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ´ÞÇßÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é ÀÚüÀÇ ¿¬´ë¿Í ÇÔ²², ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç°ÇµéÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ¿¬´ë ½Ã½ºÅÛ ³»¿¡¼­´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù.

±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ 3õ¸¸ ³â Àü ÀÌÈÄ¿¡, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀº À§ ¾Æ·¡·Î ½À°îµÇ¾ú°í, µ¿ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿­°îÀº ¿­¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´Â Áß°£¿¡ ÇÔ¸ô ºÎÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö´Â, ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ µ¼(domes)µé·Î ÁÖ·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®ÀÖ´Ù(±×¸² 11b). ±×·¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ ´ë·ú ÆøÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä¸éÀº ½À°îµÆ°í, ÇöÀç ´Ù¸¥ °íµµ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä¸éÀº ´ë·ú ³ÐÀÌÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£Áֵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Ä¿´Ù¶õ µ¼ÀÇ À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÈÖ¾îÁüÀº ¹Ù´ÙÂÊ Ãø¸éÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» À¯¹ßÇß°í, ±× °á°ú ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ ¿¡¿ö½Î´Â Àå¾öÇÑ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö(Great Escarpment)¸¦ »ý°Ü³ª°Ô Çß´Ù(±×¸² 11a ¹× b).[67] µå¶óÄËÁî¹ö±×(Drakensberg)¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« µ¿³²ºÎ¸¦ µû¶óÀÖ´Â ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö´Â 3,000m ³ôÀÌÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ À¶±â ½Ã±â´Â ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö¸¦ Àþ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³äÀº ¾ÕÀ¸·Îµµ ¸¹Àº ³í¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ ´Ü¾Ö´Â ħ½ÄµÇ±â¿¡ 3õ¸¸ ³âº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿À·£ ±â°£ÀÌ °É·ÈÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸Àڵ鿡 ÀÌ ´Ü¾ÖÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ÈξÀ ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.[68]


Æòź¸é À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ß°íÇǰ¢

¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ħ½Ä Ç¥¸éÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áö ¹Ì½ºÅ͸® °°Àº Ư¡Àº °ß°íÇǰ¢(duricrust)À̶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÈçÈ÷ µ¤¿©Á® ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý°ÇÁ¶(semiarid) ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â, ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´Ü´ÜÇÑ ÃþÀ¸·Î Á¤Àǵǰí ÀÖ´Ù.[69] °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³× °¡Áö À¯ÇüÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

1. Æä¸®Å©¸®Æ®(ferricrete), »êȭö Áö°¢ (an iron oxide crust)

2. ½ÇÅ©¸®Æ®(silcrete), ÀÌ»êÈ­±Ô¼Ò Áö°¢ (a silicon dioxide crust)

3. ¿°·ùÇǰ¢(calcrete), »êÈ­Ä®½· Áö°¢ (a calcium oxide crust)

4. º¸Å©»çÀÌÆ®(bauxite, ö¹Ý¼®), ¼ö»êÈ­¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½ Áö°¢ (an aluminum oxide crust)

¿ë¾î '¶óÅ×¶óÀÌÆ®(laterite)'´Â »êȭö, ¶Ç´Â »êÈ­¾Ë·ç¹Ì´½, ¶Ç´Â µÑ ´Ù¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ´Ü´ÜÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Á¾Á¾ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.[70] °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº È­ÇÐÀû ÅðÀû¹°·Î °£Áֵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀº °íÅä¾ç(ancient soils) ³»¿¡¼­ ¹ß´ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.[56]

°ß°íÇǰ¢Àº È£ÁÖÀÇ Ä§½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸é¿¡ ÈçÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·ú¿¡¼­´Â ´ú ÈçÇÏ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ´Ü¾îÀÇ Á¤Àǰ¡ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³, ¿­´ë ¹× ¾Æ¿­´ë ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¼¼ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿Â³­ÇÑ ±âÈÄÀÇ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¿µ±¹ ³²ºÎÀÇ ½ÇÅ©¸®Æ® ĸ(silcrete cap)ÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.[71, 72] ¿µ±¹ ³²ºÎÀÇ Ä§½ÄµÈ ÁöÇü¿¡¼­, ½ÇÅ©¸®Æ® µ¹µéÀº »ç½¼¼®(Sarsen Stones)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× Áß ÀϺδ 4m°¡ ³Ñ´Â´Ù. ÇѶ§ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁö°Ô µÈ ½ÇÅ©¸®Æ® ĸÀÇ ±â¿øÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù.

ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀ» µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº ´ëºÎºÐ º¸Å©»çÀÌÆ®¿Í ¶óÅ×¶óÀÌÆ®·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.[54, 73] ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÇÅ©¸®Æ®µµ »ó´ç ºñÀ²À» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.[53]

°ß°íÇǰ¢Àº ²Ï µÎ²¨¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¿ì°£´ÙÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¶óÅ×¶óÀÌÆ® ĸ(laterite cap)Àº 30m µÎ²²ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.[56] ÀÌ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ °ß°íÇǰ¢ÀÇ ¸ðÀÚ´Â °ß°íÇǰ¢ÀÇ Çü¼º ÈÄ¿¡ ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀ¸·Î ÈѼյǴ °ÍÀ» º¸È£ÇØÁÜÀ¸·Î½á, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀÇ ÀÜÀç¹°À» Áö¿ªÀûÀ¸·Î º¸Á¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ±â¿©ÇؿԴÙ.

Æòź¸é°ú ħ½Ä¸é À§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ß°íÇǰ¢ ¸ðÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ºÐ¼®Àº, ÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû °úÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌµé °ß°íÇǰ¢ÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÆ´ÂÁö´Â Àß ÀÌÇØµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.[56, 74, 75] ÀϺΠµ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº °ß°íÇǰ¢ÀÌ Åä¾ç¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁöÇϼö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÆ´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖÁö¸¸[76], ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº µû¶æÇÑ ±âÈÄÀÇ Åä¾ç¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é °ß°íÇǰ¢À» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â È­Çй°ÁúÀº ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ð¾Ï ¹°Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ, ¶Ç´Â È­Çй°ÁúÀÇ »óÇâ À̵¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.[56, 71] °ß°íÇǰ¢Àº ħ½Ä¸éÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ °ðÀÌ¾î ¸ðÀÌ°Ô µÈ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ È­ÇÐÀû ħÀü¹°(chemical precipitate)ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. À̰ÍÀº °æ»çÁø ÅðÀû¾Ï À§¿¡ Àß·ÁÁø Æòź¸é¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ °ß°íÇǰ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁöÁöµÈ´Ù.[56]


µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤·ÐÀÚµéÀº Æòź¸éÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Áö±¸ Ç༺ ¾îµð¿¡³ª ÀÖ´Â, ÀÌµé Æòź¸éÀÇ ±â¿øÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÇüÇп¡¼­´Â ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÀÌ´Ù. °­¿¡¼­ È«¼ö µ¿¾È¿¡ ÁöÃþ À­ºÎºÐÀÌ Æòźȭ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí, ¿À´Ã³¯ Æòź¸éÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀº °üÃøµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù.[77] ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ìµµ ±ØÈ÷ µå¹® °æ¿ìÀ̸ç, ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº ±Ô¸ðÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â ħ½Ä °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Æòź¸éÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇ´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ °üÃøµÈ´Ù(±×¸² 12). Æòź¸éÀº °ú°Å¿¡ ¾î¶² °Å´ëÇÑ ¹° È帧¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÆ´ø ³²°ÜÁø ÀÜÁ¸±¸Á¶(relict)ÀÌ´Ù.

¸¹Àº °¡¼³µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù°¡, »ç¶óÁ³´Ù.[78] Àª¸®¾ö ¸ð¸®½º µ¥À̺ñ½ºÀÇ 'À±È¸(ħ½Ä) ÁÖ±â(cycle of erosion)'´Â 1900³â´ë Ãʱâ¿Í Á߱⿡ °ÅÀÇ »ç½ÇÀÎ °Íó·³ ¿©°ÜÁ³¾úÁö¸¸, Áö±ÝÀº À߸øµÈ °¡¼³·Î °£Áֵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. dzȭ °¡¼³(weathering hypothesis)ÀÌ Å©°Ô À¯ÇàÇß¾úÁö¸¸, ±×°Í ¿ª½Ã Æòź¸éÀÇ Çü¼º¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù.[45] Å©¸¯¸ÞÀÌ(Crickmay)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù :

¡±ÆòźÇÏ°í °ÅÀÇ ¼öÆòÀûÀÎ Áö¿ªÀº ÇöÀç º¸¿©Áö´Â ³ôÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù°í´Â º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÆòźÇÑ ±¸¸ªÀ̳ª, ÆòźÇÑ °í¿ø°ú °°Àº ÁöÇüÀº ±× ÆòźÇÔÀ» ¼±È£Çϰųª À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °úÁ¤À» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ¿À´Ã³¯ °üÃøµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² ÁöÁúÇÐÀû °úÁ¤ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÆòźÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú°í, ÇöÀçÀÇ °íµµ·Î À§Ä¡½ÃÄ×´Ù°í´Â ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Æòźȭ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ¿Ï·á´Â °ú°Å¿¡ ÀϾ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸Àδ٠... ¸ðµç °íµµ¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÏ°í ¼öÆò¿¡ °¡±î¿î ÁöÇüµéÀº, ±× ±¤´ëÇÑ Å©±â»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À屸ÇÑ ±â°£ µ¿¾È Á¸ÀçÇØ¿ÔÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.¡±[79]

±×¸² 12. ¹Ì±¹ ¸óŸ³ªÁÖ ÁߺÎÀÇ ¸®Æ² ·ÎŰ »ê¸Æ(relict)ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Æòź¸é.

¿Ã¸®¾î(Ollier)´Â È®ÀÎÇØÁÖ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù : ¡±Æò¿øÀÌ ¿ø·¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´ÂÁö¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ÁöÇü¿¡¼­ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.¡±[30]

ºê·¡µé¸®(Bradley)´Â ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¹Ì±¹ ¼­ºÎ ÇØ¾È Áö´ë¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ƯÈ÷ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ ÇÁ·ÐÆ® »ê¸Æ(Colorado Front Range)¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾î, ¸¹Àº Æòź¸éµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇß´Ù.[81] µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤·ÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ¿ë¾î, ¿¬´ë, Æòź¸éÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¥¶õÀÌ ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×µéÀº Æòź¸éÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ÇØ°áÇØº¸·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Àý¸ÁÀûÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ ÇÁ·ÐÆ® »ê¸ÆÀÇ ¸ðµç °üÃøÀÚµéÀº Àû¾îµµ ÇϳªÀÇ Ä§½Ä¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â µ¥ µ¿ÀÇÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±× ±â¿øÀº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÇØ°áµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ä·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

ÁøÈ­·ÐÀû ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚÀÎ ¿Ã¸®¾î¿Í ÆäÀÎ(Ollier and Pain)Àº Æòź¸éÀº ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ½Ã±â·Î ´ÊÀº ½Ã±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù :

¡±Ä§½Ä·üÀÌ Áõ°¡µÆÀ½À» °¡¸®Å°´Â, Æòźȭ°¡ ÀÚÁÖ ¹ß»ýÇß´ø ½Ã±âÀÎ, Á߽ż¼ ¸»~¼±½Å¼¼ ÃÊ(½Å»ý´ë Èıâ)ÀÇ ±âÈÄ¿¡¼­ Ưº°ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µµ, ³íÀǵƴø »êµéÀº ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ À§µµ¿Í ±âÈÄ »óȲ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇöÀç, °üÃøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ³ôÀº ¼ÓµµÀÇ Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ëÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Ù.¡±[82]

±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌµé Æòź¸éÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ¿©, ÇöÀç ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î °üÃøµÇ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ ´ë·úÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Ä§½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Æòź¸éµéÀº Àß·ÁÁö°í ÆÄ±«µÆ´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÈçÈ÷ ¸¹Àº »ê¸Æµé¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áö´Â ÆòźÇÑ Á¤»óºÎÀÇ »êµéÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÆÄ±«µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Æòź¸éÀÇ ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ã¸®¾î¿Í ÆäÀÎÀº ´õ µéÂß³¯ÂßÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »êµéÀº Æòź¸éÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ħ½ÄµÈ ÁöÇüÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.[83] ¶ÇÇÑ ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·µµ ½Å»ý´ë ¸»ÀÇ Àü ¼¼°èÀû Æòź¸éÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´¾ú´Ù.[84]

¿Ã¸®¾î¿Í ÆäÀÎÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ±¤´ëÇÏ°Ô ³Î¸® Á¸ÀçÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Å¿ì ³î¶ó°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù :

¡±³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº, º¹ÀâÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ¸í¹éÇÑ °¡´É¼ºµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ÆòźÇÑ Æò¿øÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ®ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ÁøÂ¥ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Æòź¸éÀº ¼±½Å¼¼~È«Àû¼¼(Plio-Pleistocene)ÀÇ ¸¹Àº »êµéÀÌ À¶±âÇϱâ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ³Î¸® Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.¡±[82]

ƯÈ÷ ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼®(soft rocks) À§¿¡ Á¶°¢µÈ Æòź¸éÀ¸·Î, À̰ÍÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ½Ã°£ Ʋ¿¡¼­´Â ¸Å¿ì ¼³¸íÇϱ⠰ï¶õÇÑ Çö»óÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ħ½Ä °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼®ÀÇ Ç¥¸éÀ» °í¸£°Ô °æ»çÁö°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú°í, Ç¥¸é¿¡ ÀÚ°¥ Ç¥Ãþ(gravel cap)À» ³²±âÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ÁøÇàµÈ ´À¸° ħ½Äµµ ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼®À» ½±°Ô ÆÄ³»¾î, °ð ÀÛÀº ½Ã³», °è°î, Çù°î µîÀ» ªÀº ±â°£ ³»¿¡ ¸¸µé¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû °úÁ¤À¸·Î, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Æòź¸éÀº Á¸ÀçÇϱ⠾î·Á¿ï »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼® À§¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±ØÈ÷ ¾î·Á¿ì¸ç, ¼öõ ³â ÀÌ»ó º¸Á¸µÇÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù! Å©¸¯¸ÞÀÌ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Æòź¸éÀÇ Á¸Àç¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±× ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù :

¡±µû¶ó¼­ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ÇÄÚ½º ¼ÎÀÏ(Mancos shale)°ú °°Àº ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿¬ÁúÀÇ ÁöÃþ ¾Ï¼® À§¿¡ Æòź¸éÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ³î¶ó°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸í¹éÇϰÔ, ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇüÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´ø °úÁ¤Àº ±¹¼ÒÀû ÀúÇ×¼º¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.¡±[85]

µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼® À§¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Æòź¸é ¶Ç´Â ħ½Ä¸éÀº ±×µéÀÇ Çü¼ºÀÌ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀϾ¾ú´Ù´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°ÅÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


Æòź¸éÀº ´ë·ú À§¸¦ Èê·¯°¬´ø È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù.

µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ´çȲ½º·¯¿öÇÏ´Â Æòź¸éµµ ´ÜÁö ¼öõ ³â Àü¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â·Î ½±°Ô ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.[67, 86] ´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âµÇ¸é¼­ ħ½ÄµÇ´Â µ¿¾È, Æòź¸é°ú ħ½Ä¸éÀº Çü¼ºµÆÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë·úµé¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¹é ¹ÌÅÍÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÁö¸¸, ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¼öõ ¹ÌÅÍÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.[87~89] ÀÌµé Æòź¸éµéÀº ÇѶ§ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÈÄ¿¡ ÀÛÀº ħ½ÄµéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¸é¼­ ÁÙ¾îµé¾î ħ½Ä ÀÜÁ¸¹°·Î ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ´ë·úÀÇ Ä§½Ä°ú Æòź¸éÀÇ Çü¼ºÀº ³ÐÀº ¹° È帧ÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀ̾ú´ø È«¼öÀÇ ÆÇ»óħ½Ä±â(Sheet Flow Phase) ³»¿¡ À§Ä¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æòź¸é(planation surfaces)Àº ¸Å¿ì ºü¸¥ ¹° È帧 µ¿¾È¿¡ Çü¼ºµÆ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼®°ú °æÁú¾Ï¼®ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¸éÀ¸·Î ±ð¿©Á®¼­ ÆòźÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ħ½Ä¸é(erosion surfaces)Àº Àû´çÇÑ ¼ÓµµÀÇ ¹° È帧¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÆ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¬Áú¾Ï¼®ÀÌ °æÁú ¾Ï¼®º¸´Ù ħ½ÄÀÌ ´õ ÀϾ¼­, ±âº¹ ÀÖ´Â ·Ñ¸µ Ç¥¸é(rolling surface)À» ¸¸µé¾î³õ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ħ½Ä¸é°ú Æòź¸éÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ ÈÄ¿¡, ¾î¶² ÀûÇÕÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â È«¼ö ¹°·Î ÀÎÇÑ È­ÇÐÀû ħ°­À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ, °ß°íÇǰ¢(duricrust)ÀÌ Çü¼ºµÆÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù.

±×¸² 13. ´ë¾ç ºÐÁö°¡ °¡¶ó¾É´Â µ¿¾È¿¡, È«¼ö ¹° ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âÇϸ鼭, ´ë·úÀÇ Ä§½Ä, Æòźȭ, µ¼È­°¡ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ µµ½Ä. (¼öÁ÷ Å©±â´Â °úÀåµÊ, drawn by Melanie Richard).

±×¸² 13a. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú¿¡ ÁöÃþµéÀÌ ÅðÀûµÈ ÈÄ¿¡, ´ë·úÀÇ À¶±â¿Í ´ÜÃþÀÌ ÀϾ°í, ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀº ±â¿ï¾îÁ³´Ù.

±×¸² 13b. È«¼ö ¹°ÀÇ °­ÇÑ È帧¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Æòźȭ µÇ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþ.

±×¸² 13c. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ À¶±â·Î ÀÎÇØ, µ¼ÀÇ À¶±â¿Í ħ½Ä, ´ë·ú ÁÖº¯ºÎÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀÌ À̾îÁ³´Ù.(ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀº Ç¥½ÃµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½.)

±×¸² 13d. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö(Great Escarpment)ÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÅðÀû¹°ÀÌ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ´ë·ú ÁÖº¯ºÎ(continental margin)¿¡ ½×À̸鼭, Àýº®Àº ¿ÞÂÊÀ¸·Î ħ½ÄµÆ´Ù.

±×¸² 13e. ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ³ôÀº °íµµÀÇ ¡®¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é(African Surface)¡¯°ú ÇØ¾È Æò¿øÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸®µÇ¾ú´Ù. ħ½ÄµÈ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ´ë·ú ÁÖº¯ºÎ¿¡ ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù.

Æòź¸éÀº ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸² 13Àº ´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âÇϰí, ´ë¾ç ºÐÁö°¡ ħ°­ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú¿¡ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´ø °ÍÀ» °³·«ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. È«¼ö ÈÄÅð±âÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´ë·úÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀ» ÆòźÇϰÔ, ¶Ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ Ç¥¸éÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù(±×¸² 13a°ú b). ÈÄ¿¡ ÀϾ À¶±â¿Í Áö¿ªÀû µ¼Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Å©±âÀÇ ÀÜÁ¸¹°À» ³²±â¸é¼­, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù.(±×¸² 13c). ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾Ö´Â, È«¼ö ¹°ÀÌ À¶±âÇÑ ¶¥¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¶³¾îÁö¸ç ¹Ù´Ù·Î Èê·¯°¬±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾ÈÂÊÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ºü¸£°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.(±×¸² 13d). ħ½ÄÀº »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â µ¼ÀÇ ¾ÈÂÊ¿¡¼­ Àýº®À» Çü¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¹°ÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ ´À·È±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ħ½ÄÀº ´ë·ú¿¡ ºñÇØ ´ë¾ç ºÐÁö°¡ ħ°­ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ƯÈ÷ ÇØ¾ÈÀ» µû¶ó ´õ °­ÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×°÷¿¡¼­´Â ±íÀº °¥¶óÁø Æ´(rifts)ÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® ´Ü¾ÖÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éÀÇ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú°í, ÇØ¾È Æò¿øÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù(±×¸² 13e). ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ºÏ¼­ºÎÀÇ À¯»çÇÑ Æ¯Â¡°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© »þ¸£µ¿(Chardon et al.) µîÀº ¸»Çß´Ù :

¡±¶ÇÇÑ, ±â´ÏÀÇ ¼öµ¿Çü ÁÖº¯ºÎ(Guinea passive margin)ÀÇ ¹Ù±ùÂÊ °æ»ç¸éÀÇ Ä§°­Àº »¡¶ú°í, Áã¶ó±â ¸»°ú ¹é¾Ç±â Ãʱ⠵¿¾È ÀÏÁ¤Çß´Ù... ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ºÐ¸® ÀÌÀüÀÇ À°Áö Ç¥¸éÀÇ ÇÏÇâ¿ä°î(downwarp, Áï ¿Ã¸®¾î¿Í ÆäÀÎÀÇ ÁØÆò¿ø, 1997)°ú, »óÀÀÇÏ´Â ³»·ú Ç¥¸éÀÇ À¶±â¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù.¡±[90]

ÁøÈ­·ÐÀû ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·(Lester King)Àº ÇØ¾È°¡ ±ÙóÀÇ ÈùÁö(hinge, °æÃ¸) ¼±°ú ÇÔ²², ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ ´ë·ú ÁÖº¯ºÎ¸¦ µû¶ó ÀϾ ´ë¾ç ºÐÁöÀÇ Ä§°­°ú À°ÁöÀÇ À¶±â¶ó´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÆÐÅÏÀ» È®ÀÎÇß¾ú´Ù : ¡±ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À̵¿Àº Ç×»ó °°Àº Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö´Âµ¥, À°Áö´Â ¿Ã¶ó°¬°í, ´ë¾çÀú´Â ³»·Á°¬´Ù.¡±[91] Å·Àº Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿ä¾àÇß´Ù :

¡±µû¶ó¼­ Áö±¸ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÇ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶Àû ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀº ¼öÁ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î, À§ ¾Æ·¡·Î ÀϾ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤»óÀûÀÌ°í °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áö°¢ÀÇ ÆÇ±¸Á¶ ¶ÇÇÑ ¼öÁ÷ÀûÀÎ °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù ... ±×·¯³ª ¸í½ÉÇØ¾ßÇÒ °ÍÀº Áö±¸»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎºÐÀº (´ë·úÀ̳ª ´ë¾ç ºÐÁö) ÀÌÀü¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³ôÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â, ±×·¡¼­ Áö°¢ÀÌ ¿ø·¡ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ¼öÁ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î À§¾Æ·¡·Î ¿òÁ÷¿´´Ù´Â, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.¡±[92]

Å·ÀÌ ¸»Çß´ø °ÍÀº, °ú°Å Áö±¸ Áö°¢ÀÇ ¼öÁ÷Àû ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ̰í, ÀϹÝÀûÀ̰í, Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÃÆí 104:8ÀýÀÇ È«¼ö ¹°ÀÌ ¡±Á¤ÇÏ¿© Áֽа÷À¸·Î Èê·¯°¬°í »êÀº ¿À¸£°í °ñÂ¥±â´Â ³»·Á°¬³ªÀÌ´Ù¡±¶ó´Â ¸»¾¸°ú °°ÀÌ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú°ú ´ë·ú ÁÖº¯ºÎ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àü Áö±¸¿¡ °ÉÃļ­µµ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


¿ä¾à ¹× ÅäÀÇ

Æòź¸é°ú ħ½Ä¸éÀº Àü Áö±¸¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ÈçÇÏ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ÇѶ§ ÇöÀúÈ÷ ÄǾú°í, ±× ÈÄ Ä§½Ä°ú ±¸Á¶Àû °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÙ¾îµé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Ç¥¸éµéÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÇüÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ½É°¢ÇÑ ÁöÇüÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦µé Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¹Àº °¡¼³µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇüÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱ⿡ ¸¹Àº ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇüÀº ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í°ú(°­¿¡ ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ÀÛÀº Áö¿ªÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí), °è¼Ó ÆÄ±«µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀÇ ¼ö¿Í ¿¬´ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¸¹Àº ³íÀïÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ë·ú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Æòź¸éÀº ±× ³íÀïÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù. À¯¸íÇÑ ÁöÇüÇÐÀÚ ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·Àº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Æòź¸éÀÇ ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ °áÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß¾ú´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÅëÇÕÀû ¿¬±¸´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡´Â ´ÜÁö ÇϳªÀÇ Æòź¸é¸¸ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Æòź¸éµéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ °íµµ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â °ÍÀº Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¿îµ¿ ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Æòź¸éÀº ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸é(African Surface)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸°´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ·¹½ºÅÍ Å·ÀÇ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ Æòź¸éµé Áß Çϳª¿´´Ù.

±×¸² 14. È«¼ö ½ÃÀÛ 150ÀÏ ÈÄÀÎ, ¡®Ä§»ý´ë(Erodozoic)¡¯¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â È«¼ö ÈÄÅð±â(Retreating Stage) µ¿¾È, ħ½ÄµÆ´ø ¸·´ëÇÑ ·®ÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°°ú, ¿À´Ã³¯ ´ë·ú¿¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °£´ÜÇÑ °³·«µµ. (drawn by Mrs Melanie Richard).

´Ù¸¥ Æòź¸éµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Ç¥¸éµµ ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â(Retreating Stage, °¨Åð±â) µ¿¾È¿¡, ´ë·úÀÌ À¶±âÇÏ°í ´ë¾ç ºÐÁöµéÀÌ Ä§°­ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡(½ÃÆí 104:6~9), ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¹°·¯°¡´Â È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºü¸£°Ô Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ë·úµé¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â Æòź¸éÀº ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼ö°¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù. Æòź¸éÀº È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´ë·úµéÀÌ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Ä§½ÄµÇ´Â µ¿¾È¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°(erosional remnants), ħ½Ä ¹è»ç(eroded anticlines) µîÀ» ³²°Ü ³õ¾Ò°í, ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö¹é km ¶³¾îÁø °÷À¸·Î ¾Ï¼®µéÀ» ¿î¹ÝÇß´Ù. Æòź¸éÀÇ Çü¼ºÀº ºùÇϱâ¿Í ÇÔ²² ´ë·ú¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´ø ¸¶Áö¸· Å« »ç°ÇÀ̾ú´Ù. Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ë µ¿¾È¿¡, ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø°ú[88] ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ°ú[89] °°Àº, ¾î¶² °÷¿¡¼­´Â ħ½ÄÀÌ 5km µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®À» ±ð¾Æ³Â´Ù. ¹®ÇåµéÀº ´ë·úÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ±í°Ô ÀϾ ħ½ÄÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.[67]

Æòź¸éÀº ´ë·ú¿¡ ¾öû³­ ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» ¾Ë·ÁÁÙ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Æòź¸é ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþµµ ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼ö ÈÄÅð±â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÅðÀûµÆ¾úÀ½À», µû¶ó¼­ ¹ü¶÷±â(Inundatory Stage)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â È«¼ö ÃʱâÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¾öû³­ µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ ÅðÀûµÆ¾úÀ½À» °¡¸®Å°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÄÅð±â´Â ´ëºÎºÐ ´ë·ú ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ´ø ½Ã±â¿´À¸¸ç, ÅðÀûÀÌ µÇ´ø ½Ã±â´Â ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù(±×¸² 14). ȦƮ(Holt)´Â ÀÌ ½Ã±â¸¦ ¡®Ä§»ý´ë(Erodozoic)¡¯¶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù.[93] ±×·¯ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀº ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ(geological column)ÀÇ ÇØ¼®¿¡ À־ Áß´ëÇÑ ÇÔÀǸ¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù. ´ë·úÀÇ Ç¥¸é ÅðÀû¾ÏÀº ¼±½Å¼¼(Pliocene)·Î Æò°¡µÆÀ»Áö¶óµµ, µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ¿¬´ë¿Í »ó°ü¾øÀÌ, ƯÈ÷ °íµµ°¡ ³ôÀº °÷¿¡¼­Á¶Â÷, ±× ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀº ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼öÀÇ Àü¹Ý±â¿¡ ÅðÀûµÆ´ø ÁöÃþÀÓÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãß·ÐÀº ´ë·ú À§ÀÇ ½Å»ý´ë ÁöÃþÀº, ƯÈ÷ ³»·ú ¹× °íÁö´ë¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ ½Å»ý´ë ÁöÃþÀº ¹ü¶÷±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ÁÖ·Î ÅðÀûµÆ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼ö ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ´ë°Ýº¯ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °³³äÀ» ±â°¢½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ(Flood/post-Flood) °æ°è°¡ ½Å»ý´ë ÈıâÀÓÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.


Acknowledgement
I thank Melanie Richard for drawing figures 13 and 14.

Related Articles
The K/T impact hypothesis and secular neocatastrophism—why is this important to Flood geology?
It¡¯s plain to see
Noah¡¯s long-distance travelers
Flood transported quartzites—east of the Rocky Mountains
Flood transported quartzites: Part 2—west of the Rocky Mountains
Flood transported quartzites: Part 3—failure of uniformitarian interpretations
Flood transported quartzites: Part 4—diluvial interpretations
Retreating Stage formation of gravel sheets in south-central Asia
The mountains rose
Visual evidence for Noah¡¯s Flood
Massive erosion of continents demonstrates Flood runoff
The meaning of the Great Unconformity and Sauk Megasequence

Further Reading
Geology Questions and Answers

References
1.Johnson, D.W. (Ed.), Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, p. 77, 1954.
2.Johnson, ref. 1, p. 272.
3.Many geologists have recently converted to neocatastrophism, rejecting the slow, steady history of uniformitarianism, but maintaining its ¡®actualistic¡¯ method. However, ¡®actualism¡¯ is difficult to distinguish from uniformitarianism, and the acceptance of greater discontinuity in the rock record makes the evidence used to promote secular natural history less certain. Also, there has been no wholesale reconstruction of geology as a discipline; no weeding out of the many decades of uniformitarian assumptions that influenced the methods, assumptions and conclusions of geology. The unstated major assumption is that of naturalism in a metaphysical sense, which of course is not scientific and cannot be justified by science. It is instead a naked belief system. Furthermore, they do not address the implications for Flood geology inherent in the rejection of uniformitarianism.
4.Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl Jr, J.P. and Jackson J.A., Glossary of Geology, 5th Edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VI, p. 269, 2005.
5.Neuendorf et al., ref. 4, p. 360.
6.Bates, R.L. and Jackson J.A. (Eds.), Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd Edition, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, NY, p. 287, 1984.
7.Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B., Warke, P.A. and Ruffell, A., Introduction and background: interpretations of landscape change; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. vii–x, 1999.
8.Summerfield, M.A., Geomorphology and global tectonics: introduction; in: Summerfield, M.A. (ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 3–12, 2000.
9.Jones, D.K.C., On the uplift and denudation of the Weald; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. 25–41, 1999.
10.Summerfield, ref. 8, p. 3.
11.Summerfield, M.A., Preface; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, p. xv, 2000.
12.Neuendorf et al., ref. 4, p. 217.
13.Bates and Jackson, ref. 6, p. 387.
14.Oard, M.J., The Missoula Flood Controversy and the Genesis Flood, Creation Research Society Monograph No. 13, Chino Valley, AZ, 2004.
15.Neuendorf et al., ref. 4, p. 479.
16.Ranney, W., Carving Grand Canyon: Evidence, Theories, and Mystery, Grand Canyon Association, Grand Canyon, AZ, 2005.
17.Melhorn, W.N. and Edgar, D.E., The case for episodic continental-scale erosion surfaces: a tentative geodynamic model; in: Melhorn, W.N. and Flemal R.C. (Eds.), Theories of Landform Development, George Allen and Unwin, London, UK, p. 245, 1975.
18.King, L.C., Wandering Continents and Spreading Sea Floors on an Expanding Earth, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, p. 177, 1983.
19.Hansen, W.R., Geology of the Flaming Gorge area Utah-Colorado-Wyoming. U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 490, Washington, D.C., p. 115, 1965.
20.Crickmay, C.H., The Work of the River: A Critical Study of the Central Aspects of Geomorphology, American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, p. 173, 1974.
21.King, L.C., The Morphology of the Earth—A Study and Synthesis of World Scenery, Hafner Publishing Company, New York, NY, 1967.
22.Twidale, C.R., King of the plains: Lester King¡¯s contribution to geomorphology, Geomorphology 5:491–509, 1992.
23.Twidale, C.R., Antiquity of landforms: an ¡®extremely unlikely¡¯ concept vindicated, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 45:657–668, 1998.
24.Twidale, C.R., Canons revisited and reviewed: Lester King¡¯s views of landscape evolution considered 50 years later, GSA Bulletin 115:1155–1172, 2003.
25.Twidale, ref. 23, p. 660.
26.King, ref. 21, p. 188.
27.Ollier, C., Tectonics and Landforms, Longman, New York, NY, p. 306, 1981.
28.Twidale, C.R., Analysis of Landforms, John Wiley & Sons Australasia Pty Ltd, New York, NY, p. 19, 1976.
29.Twidale, C.R., The two-stage concept of landform and landscape development involving etching: origin, development and implications of an idea, Earth-Science Reviews 57, p. 59, 2002.
30.Twidale, C.R., The origin and implications of some erosional landforms, Journal of Geology 98, p. 357, 1990.
31.Fielding, E.J., Morphotectonic evolution of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 201–222, 2000.
32.Wright, J.S., ¡®Desert¡¯ loess versus ¡®glacial¡¯ loess: quartz silt formation, source areas and sediment pathways in the formation of loess deposits, Geomorphology 36, p. 240, 2001.
33.Tingey, R.J., Uplift in Antarctica, Zeitschrift für Geomorpholgie N. F. Suppl.-Bd. 54:85–99, 1985.
34.LeMasurier, W.E. and Landis, C.A., Mantle-plume activity recorded by low-relief erosion surfaces in West Antarctica and New Zealand, GSA Bulletin 108:1450–1466, 1996.
35.Costa, C.H., Giaccardi, AD and González Díaz, E.F., Palaeolandsurfaces and neotectonic analysis in the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. 229–238, 1999.
36.Coltorti, M. and Ollier, C.D., The significance of high planation surfaces in the Andes of Ecuador; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. 239–253, 1999.
37.Kennan, L., Large-scale geomorphology of the Andes: interrelationships of tectonics, magmatism and climate; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 167–199, 2000.
38.Kennan, L., Lamb, S.H. and Hoke, L., High-altitude palaeosurfaces in the Bolivian Andes: evidence for late Cenozoic surface uplift; in: Widdowson, M. (Ed.), Palaeosurfaces: Recognition, Reconstruction and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 120, The Geological Society of London, London, UK, pp. 307–323, 1997.
39.Embleton, C. (Ed.), Geomorphology of Europe, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1984.
40.Jones, D.K.C., Evolving models of the Tertiary evolutionary geomorphology of southern England, with special reference to the Chalklands; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. 1–23, 1999.
41.Small, R.J., The Study of Landforms: A Textbook of Geomorphology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, London, UK, 1978.
42.Ollier, C., Ancient Landforms, Belhaven Press, New York, NY, p. 84, 1991.
43.Chorley, R.J., Schumm, S.A. and Sugden, D.E., Geomorphology, Methuen, London, UK, p. 25, 1984.
44.Walsh, P., Boulter, M. and Morawiecka, I., Chattian and Miocene elements in the modern landscape of western Britain and Ireland; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, pp. 45–63, 1999.
45.Oard, M.J., Origin of Appalachian geomorphology part II: formation of surficial erosion surfaces, Creation Research Society Quarterly (in press).
46.Pazzaglia, F.J. and Gardner, T.W., Late Cenozoic landscape evolution of the US Atlantic passive margin: insights into a North American Great Escarpment; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, p. 284, 2000.
47.Coltorti and Ollier, ref. 36, p. 250.
48.Anderson, R.S., Modeling the tor-dotted crests, bedrock edges, and parabolic profiles of high alpine surfaces of the Wind River Range, Wyoming, Geomorphology 46:35–58, 2002.
49.Munroe, J.S., Investigating the spatial distribution of summit flats in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, USA, Geomorphology 75:437–449, 2006.
50.Small, E.E. and Anderson, R.S., Pleistocene relief production in Laramide mountain ranges, western United States, Geology 26:123–126, 1998.
51.Twidale, ref. 28, pp. 420, 422.
52.Chorley et al., ref. 43, p. 491.
53.Partridge, T.C., Of diamonds, dinosaurs and diastrophism: 150 million years of landscape evolution in Southern Africa, African Journal of Geology 101(13):167–184, 1998.
54.Burke, K. and Gunnell, Y., The African Erosion Surface: A Continental-Scale Synthesis of Geomorphology, Tectonics, and Environmental Change over the Past 180 Million Years, Geological Society of America Memoir 201, Boulder, CO, p. 1–66, 2008.
55.Coltorti, M., Dramis, F. and Ollier, C.D., Planation surfaces in northern Ethiopia, Geomorphology 89:287–296, 2007.
56.De Swardt, A.M.J., Lateritisation and landscape development in parts of equatorial Africa, Zeitschrift für Geomorpholgie 8:313–333, 1964.
57.De Swardt, A.M.J. and Bennet, G., Structure and physiographic development of Natal since the late Jurassic, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 77:309–322, 1974.
58.Dixey, F., Erosion and tectonics in the East African rift system, The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 102:339–387, 1946.
59.Doornkamp, J.C., The nature, correlation, and ages of the erosion surfaces of southern Uganda, Geografiska Annaler 50A:151–162, 1968.
60.King, L.C., The Natal Monocline, second revised edition, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 1982.
61.Partridge, T.C. and Maud, R.R., Geomorphic evolution of southern Africa since the Mesozoic, South African Journal of Geology 90(2):179–208, 1987.
62.Trendall, A.F., The formation of ¡®apparent peneplains¡¯ by a process of combined lateritisation and surface wash, Zeitschrift für Geomorpholgie 6:183–197, 1962.
63.Ollier, C.D. and Marker, M.E., The Great Escarpment of Southern Africa, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. Suppl.-Bd. 54:37–56, 1985.
64.Burke and Gunnell, ref. 54, p. 15.
65.Burke and Gunnell, ref. 54, p. 6.
66.Burke and Gunnell, ref. 54, p. 19.
67.Oard, M.J., Flood by Design: Retreating Water Shapes the Earth¡¯s Surface, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, pp. 53–54, 2008.
68.Moore, A.E., A reappraisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa, South African Journal of Geology 102(4):363–376, 1999.
69.Neuendorf et al., ref. 4, p. 197.
70.Neuendorf et al., ref. 4, p. 363.
71.McFarlane, M.J., Laterites; in: Goudie, A.S. and Pye, K. (Eds.), Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology: Precipitates and Residua in the Near-Surface Environments, Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 7–18, 1983.
72.Ullyott, J.S., Nash, D.J., Whiteman, C.A. and Mortimore, R.N., Distribution, petrology and mode of development of silcretes (Sarsens and Puddingstones) on the eastern South Downs, UK, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29:1509–1539, 2004.
73.Chardon, D., Chevillotte, V., Beauvais, A., Grandin, G. and Boulangé, B., Planation, bauxites and epeirogeny: one or two palaeosurfaces on the West African margin? Geomorphology 82:273–282, 2006.
74.Summerfield, M.A., 1983. Silcrete; in: Goudie, A.S. and Pye, K. (Eds.), Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology: Precipitates and Residua in the Near-Surface Environments, Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 59–91, 1983.
75.Anand, R.R., Phang, C., Wildman, J.E. and Lintern, M.J., Genesis of some calcretes in the southern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: implications for mineral exploration, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 44:87–103, 1997.
76.Nash, D.J., McLaren, S.J. and Webb, J.A., Petrology, geochemistry and environmental significance of silcrete-calcrete intergrade duricrusts at Kang Pan and Tswaane, central, Kalahari, Botswana, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29:1559–1586, 2004.
77.Crickmay, ref. 20, pp. 205, 214.
78.Oard, ref. 67, pp. 70–72.
79.Crickmay, ref. 20, p. 140.
80.Ollier, ref. 42, p. 78.
81.Madole, R.F., Bradley, W.C., Loewenherz, D.S., Ritter, D.F., Rutter, N.W. and Thorn, C.E.; in: Graf, W.L. (Ed.), Geomorphic Systems of North America, Geological Society of America Centennial Special Volume 2, Boulder, CO, pp. 215–220, 1987.
82.Ollier C. and Pain, C., The Origin of Mountains, Routledge, London, UK, p. 302, 2000.
83.Ollier and Pain, ref. 82, pp. 1–345.
84.King, ref. 18, pp. 19, 86.
85.Crickmay, ref. 20, p. 207.
86.Walker, T., A Biblical geological model; in:Walsh, R.E. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, technical symposium sessions, Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 581–592, 1994.
87.Oard, M.J. and Klevberg, P., Deposits remaining from the Genesis Flood: Rim Gravels in Arizona, Creation Research Society Quarterly 42(1):1–17, 2005.
88.Oard, M. J. and Klevberg, P., The Green River Formation very likely did not form in a postdiluvial lake, Answers Research J. 1:99–108, 2008.
89.Oard, M.J., Origin of Appalachian geomorphology part I: erosion by retreating Floodwater, Creation Research Society Quarterly (in press).
90.Chardon et al., ref. 73, p. 278.
91.King, ref. 60, p. 35.
92.King, ref. 18, pp. 16, 71.
93.Holt, R.D., Evidence for a Late Cainozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary, J. Creation 10(1):128–167, 1996.

 

Ãâó : Journal of Creation 25(1):111–122, April 2011
URL : http://creation.com/african-planation-surface
¹ø¿ªÀÚ : ¹Ìµð¾îÀ§¿øÈ¸

°ü·Ã ÀÚ·á ¸µÅ©:

1. â¼¼±â È«¼öÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°ÅÀÎ ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é (It¡¯s plain to see : Flat land surfaces are strong evidence for the Genesis Flood)
2. ´ë·ú¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀº ´ëÈ«¼ö°¡ ÈÛ¾µ°í °£ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù. (Massive erosion of continents demonstrates Flood runoff)
3. ÁöÇüÇÐÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Áõ°ÅµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. : »ê, Æòź¸é, µµ»ó±¸¸ª, Ç¥¼®, ¼ö±Ø, ÇØÀúÇù°îÀÇ ±â¿ø (Geomorphology provides multiple evidences for the global flood)
4. ÅðÀûÁöÃþ »çÀÌÀÇ ¡®ÆòźÇÑ °£°Ý¡¯µéÀº ÁøÈ­·ÐÀû À屸ÇÑ ÁöÁú¿¬´ë °³³ä¿¡ µµÀüÇÑ´Ù. (¡®Flat gaps¡¯ in sedimentary rock layers challenge long geologic ages)
5. ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ¹°Àº ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹°·¯°¬´Â°¡? (How did the waters of Noah¡¯s Flood drain off the continents?)
6. ȲÅä(·Ú½º)ÀÇ ±â¿ø°ú ³ë¾ÆÈ«¼ö, ±×¸®°í ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ ºùÇϱâ (Loess problems)
7. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ Çü¼º ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¡°¹°·¯°¡´Â È«¼ö ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¡± 2 (A receding Flood scenario for the origin of the Grand Canyon)
8. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ Çü¼º ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¡°¹°·¯°¡´Â È«¼ö ½Ã³ª¸®¿À¡± 1 (A receding Flood scenario for the origin of the Grand Canyon)
9. ´ë·úÀ» °¡·ÎÁú·¯ ¿î¹ÝµÈ ¸ð·¡µé : â¼¼±â È«¼öÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû Áõ°Åµé 4 (Sand Transported Cross Country. Flood Evidence Number 4)
10. ±×·£µå ij³âÀÌ ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸´Â ÀÌÀ¯
11. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ ±¸ºÒ±¸ºÒÇÑ Çù°î(¶Ç´Â »çÇàõ)Àº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ ºÎÁ¤Çϴ°¡? : ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ¹°·Î ¼³¸íµÇ´Â ¸»±ÁÇù°î. (Horse Shoe Bend, Arizona Carved by the receding waters of Noah¡¯s Flood)
12. °­ÀÌ »êÀ» ÀÚ¸£°í Áö³ª°¥ ¼ö Àִ°¡? : ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â ¹°·Î ÆÄ¿©Áø ¼ö±Øµé (Do rivers erode through mountains? Water gaps are strong evidence for the Genesis Flood)
13. ÀªÆä³ª ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ Àå¾öÇÑ ÁöÇü : ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö ´ë°Ýº¯Àº À̰ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íÇϴ°¡? (The awesome wonder of Wilpena Pound, Australia. How the cataclysm of Noah¡¯s Flood explains it.)
14. â¼¼±â È«¼ö¿Í ³ë¾ÆÀÇ ¹æÁÖ »ç½ÇÀΰ¡? Ç㱸Àΰ¡? (2) (The Genesis Flood and Noah¡¯s Ark. Fact or fiction?)
15. â¼¼±â È«¼ö¿Í ³ë¾ÆÀÇ ¹æÁÖ »ç½ÇÀΰ¡? Ç㱸Àΰ¡? (1) (The Genesis Flood and Noah¡¯s Ark. Fact or fiction?)
16. Å« ±íÀ½ÀÇ »ùµé, ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö, ±×¸®°í °Å´ëÃþ¿¬¼Óüµé (Fountains of the Deep)
17. ¾öû³­ ·®ÀÇ ¿öÆÛ ¸ð·¡´Â Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù. (The Whopper Sand)
18. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í ºÏ¹Ì ´ë·ú¿¡ ¼­·Î À¯»çÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ ÅðÀûÁöÃþµé : ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°Å (Reading African Strata)
19. â¼¼±â È«¼öÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû Áõ°Åµé (Geologic Evidences for the Genesis Flood)
20. »ý¹°Áö¸®ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö. 1ºÎ : È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄ µ¿½Ä¹°µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ ºÐÆ÷Çߴ°¡? (Migration after the Flood. How did plants and animals spread around the world so quickly?)
21. »ý¹°Áö¸®ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö. 2ºÎ : È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄ µ¿½Ä¹°µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ ºÐÆ÷Çߴ°¡? (Migration after the Flood. How did plants and animals spread around the world so quickly?)
22. Áö±¸ ±íÀº °÷¿¡ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ ¹°ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. : ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å² Å« ±íÀ½ÀÇ »ùµé? (Oceans of Water Deep Beneath the Earth?)
23. Àýº® ºØ±«¿Í À屸ÇÑ ¿¬´ë¶ó´Â À§ÇèÇÑ °³³ä : ħ½ÄÀº ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ºü¸£°Ô ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù. (A dangerous view)
24. »ç¾Ï ±âµÕµéÀº ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³âÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. (Sand Pillars—Breaking Through Millions of Years)
25. ºùÇϱ⸦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö (Setting the Stage for an Ice Age)
26. Âû½º ¶óÀÌ¿¤ : ¿ª»ç¸¦ °íÃÄ ¾²·Á°í Çß´ø »ç¶÷ (Charles Lyell: the man who tried to rewrite history)
27. ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ´Â ¸¹Àº ¿¹¿ÜµéÀ» °¡Áö´Â Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼öÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ¼ø¼­ÀÌ´Ù. (The geological column is a general Flood order with many exceptions)
 
 
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