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³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö HOME > ÀÚ·á½Ç > ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö
´ë·ú ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è¸¦
½Å»ý´ë Èıâ·Î À§Ä¡½ÃŲ´Ù.
(Surficial continental erosion places the Flood/post-Flood
boundary in the late Cenozoic)
Michael J. Oard

   ´ë·ú ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇØÀÖ´Â ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀº â¼¼±â È«¼ö(Genesis Flood)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹°¸®Àû Áõ°Å¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ´ë·ú ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â 4°¡ÁöÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø, ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ, ·ÎŰ »ê¸Æ°ú °°Àº, ´ë·úÀÇ ÀϺΠÁö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î ¹× ºÐÁö¸¦ ä¿ü´ø ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ »óÃþºÎÀÇ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½Ä(¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹Ö¿¡¼­ 850m, Äݷζ󵵿¡¼­ 1,520m, ´º¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿¡¼­ 1,000m)ÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ÅðÀû¹° ÆÄÆíµéÀº ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ(continental margin)ÀÇ µÎÅÍ¿î ÅðÀû¾ÏÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇüÀû Ư¼ºÀº µ¶Æ¯Çϸç, ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû °úÁ¤À» °¡¸®Å°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀº ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ »ó¿¡¼­ ½Å»ý´ë Á߱⿡¼­ Èı⿡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è(Flood/post-Flood boundary)°¡ ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ, ÀÚÁÖ ½Å»ý´ë Èı⠸»ÀÓÀ» °­ÇÏ°Ô °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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    ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¿¡ À־, È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è´Â °ü½É ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾Ï¼®±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ªÀÖ´Â È«¼ö¿Í È«¼ö ÈÄ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿Í ½Ã±â¸¦ Á¤ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¹Àº âÁ¶·ÐÀÚµéÀº ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ(geological column)¸¦ ¿À·¡µÈ ¿¬´ë¸¸ »©°í, ¼º°æÀû Áö±¸ ¿ª»çÀÇ ¼ø¼­¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ³ª´Â ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼­ ³íÀǸ¦ À§ÇØ, ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼ø¼­¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[1] ³ª´Â ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ°¡ ¸¹Àº ¿¹¿ÜµéÀ» °¡Áø, Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö ½Ã¿¡ ÅðÀûµÈ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¼ø¼­¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀδÙ.

È«¼ö°¡ ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¹°·¯°¬´Ù´Â, ±×¸®°í È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è°¡ ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµÀÇ »ó´Ü¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°Å Áß Çϳª´Â, ´ë·ú Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ °üÃøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸·´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Ä§½Ä°ú ±× Ư¼ºÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÆ´ø 14°³ÀÇ ÆÇÁ¤±âÁØ(criteria)Àº È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è°¡ ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ(late Cenozoic)ÀÓÀ» °¡¸®Å²´Ù.[2] À̾îÁø ±Û¿¡¼­, ÅðÀû¾Ï ¹× ÁöÇüÇÐÀÇ 9°³ »ç·Ê¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆÇÁ¤±âÁØ Áß ÀϺθ¦ °­Á¶Çß´Ù.[3] ½Å»ý´ë ÈıⰡ °æ°èÀÓÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº ÆÇÁ¤±âÁصéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ´Â ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµ »ó¿¡¼­, Á¦3±âÀÇ Á߽ż¼(Miocene), ¼±½Å¼¼(Pliocene)¿Í, Á¦4±â(Quaternary)¿¡¼­ È«Àû¼¼(Pleistocene)¿¡ ÇØ´çµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç Ãþ¼­ÇÐÀû À§Ä¡µéÀº ÀÚü ÀåÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ Æò°¡µÉ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±× °á°ú ³ª´Â È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è°¡ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­, È«Àû¼¼ Áß±â(mid Pleistocene)ÀÏ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °á·ÐÁö¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â, ±× °æ°è°¡ Á߽ż¼ ¶Ç´Â ¼±½Å¼¼ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Áõ°ÅµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ³ôÀ̱â À§ÇØ, ½Å»ý´ë ÈıâÀÇ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò ¿¬´ë, ¶Ç´Â »ý¹°Ãþ¼­ÇÐÀû ¿¬´ë¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¬´ëµéÀº ½Å·ÚÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

È«¼ö°¡ ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¹°·¯°¬´Ù´Â, ±×¸®°í È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è°¡ ÁöÁúÁÖ»óµµÀÇ »ó´Ü¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °¡Àå °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°Å Áß Çϳª´Â, ´ë·ú Ç¥¸é¿¡¼­ °üÃøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸·´ëÇÑ ¾çÀÇ Ä§½Ä°ú ±× Ư¼ºÀÌ´Ù.  ÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀº ÇöÀå µ¥ÀÌÅͷκÎÅÍ »ç·Êº°·Î ÇØ¼®µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °¢ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ÃøÁ¤µÈ ħ½ÄÀÇ ·®Àº, ´õ ³ÐÀº Áö¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Ü»ðµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


±×¸² 1. ½ºÆÀº¸Æ® ·Ï(Steamboat Rock)Àº ¹ÌÁ¹¶ó È£¼öÀÇ È«¼ö(Lake Missoula flood) ½Ã¿¡, ±×·£µå Ä𸮰¡ ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô Ä§½ÄÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È Çü¼ºµÆ´ø, 275m ³ôÀÌÀÇ ¼öÁ÷ º®À» °¡Áö°í Àִ ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÌ´Ù.


´ë·úÀÇ ÁöÇ¥¸é ħ½ÄÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý

ÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÇ Ä§½ÄµÈ ·®À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß ÀϺδ ¹æ»ç¼º µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò ¿¬´ëÃøÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â, °¡·É È­ÇÐÀû ¹× ¿ìÁÖ±â¿ø µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò ÃøÁ¤¹ý°ú °°Àº °£Á¢Àû ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýµéÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû °¡Á¤¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, º¸´Ù °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase, °Å´ëÇÑ ÁöÃþ °è´Ü)°ú ·Ð¾ØºÏ Àýº®(Roan and Book Cliffs)¿¡¼­ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ´Ü¼­µéÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÃßÁ¤Çϸé, ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø Àüü¿¡¼­ Æò±Õ 2,500~5,000mÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù!

ħ½Ä ·®À» ÃßÁ¤Çϴ ù ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä °ª(erosional values)À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ħ½Ä ·®Àº µµ»ó±¸¸ª(inselbergs. ¶ÇÇÑ monadnocks, bornhardts·Î ºÒ¸®±âµµ Çϰí, ¼®È¸¾Ï ÁöÇü¿¡¼­´Â tower karst¶ó°íµµ ÇÔ)À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â, ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°(erosional remnants)ÀÇ ³ôÀ̷κÎÅÍ °áÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.[4] ¿¹·Î, ¹Ì±¹ ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹Ö ºÏµ¿ºÎÀÇ µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿ö(Devils Tower, ¾Ç¸¶ÀÇ Å¾)°ú È£ÁÖ ÁߺÎÀÇ ¿¡¾îÁî ·Ï(Ayers Rock, ¿ï·ç·ç)°°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. Áö±¸»ó¿¡ ¼öõ °³ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä§½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°µéÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¿ö½ÌÅÏÁÖ ÁߺÎÀÇ ±×·£µå Äð¸®(Grand Coulee) »ó·ù¿¡ ÀÖ´Â, ¾à 300mÀÇ ³ôÀº Àýº®À» °¡Áø Ä¿´Ù¶õ ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÎ ½ºÆÀº¸Æ® ·Ï(Steamboat Rock)(±×¸² 1)Àº, ºùÇϱâÀÇ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¹ÌÁ¹¶ó È£¼ö(Lake Missoula)ÀÇ °Ýº¯Àû ºØ±«·Î ÀÎÇÑ È«¼ö·Î ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Ù.[5] µû¶ó¼­ °Ýº¯Àû È«¼ö´Â ±×µé ÁÖÀ§ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¾Ï¼®µéÀ» ħ½Ä½ÃÄѼ­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä§½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°À» ¸¸µé¾î³õ¾Ò´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°Àº Á¾Á¾ ÅðÀû¾ÏÀ̰í, Á¤»óºÎ ¾Ï¼®µµ ´Ü´ÜÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±× À§¿¡ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´ø, ¾ÐÂø°ú ¼®È¸È­¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇß´ø, 300mÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®µéÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÆ´Ù°í ÃßÁ¤Çصµ, ºñÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÃßÁ¤Ä¡´Â ³Ê¹« ºÒÈ®½ÇÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ´ÜÁö ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÇ ²À´ë±â ³ôÀ̱îÁö¸¸ ħ½Ä ·®À» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡ »ç¿ëµÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ¿©±â¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃµÈ ħ½Ä ·®Àº ÃÖ¼Ò°ªÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µÎ ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ¹è»ç±¸Á¶(anticline)·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹è»ç±¸Á¶´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î º¼·ÏÇÏ°Ô ½À°îµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, Á߽ɺο¡´Â ¿À·¡µÈ ÁöÃþµéÀÌ ³õ¿©ÀÖ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀÌ´Ù.[6] ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ÀÇ Áß½ÉÃàÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¸é, ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ºÎºÐÀÇ Ä§½Ä ·®Àº ¾çÂÊÀ¸·Î »¸¾îÀÖ´Â ÁöÃþ ±â¿ï±â·ÎºÎÅÍ °è»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ÀÇ Á¤»óºÎ À§·Î µ¿ÀÏÇÑ µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþµéÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÆ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÏ°í ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸² 2´Â È«¼ö ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¹è»ç±¸Á¶°¡ À¶±âÇß°í, À̾ ħ½ÄµÈ ¸ð½ÀÀ» °¡¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡¼­ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸°(ħ½ÄµÈ) ºÎºÐÀº »ï°¢¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ºñ±³Àû ½±°Ô °è»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÃþÀÌ ºñ±³Àû ¾ã´Ù¸é, °è»êÀº ºñ±³Àû Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À¶±â¿Í ħ½Ä ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ À§·Î Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ÁöÃþÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, °è»êµÈ ÃßÁ¤Ä¡´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÃÖ¼ÒÄ¡°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


±×¸² 2. È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹è»ç±¸Á¶(anticline)ÀÇ ±Þ°ÝÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÇ °³·«µµ.

¼¼ ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ÁöÇ¥³ª ÁöÇ¥ ±ÙóÀÇ ¼®ÅºÀÇ µî±Þ(rank)À» Á¶»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÀÇ Çü¼ºÀº ÁÖ·Î ¿Âµµ¿Í °ü·ÃÀÌ Àִµ¥, ¿Âµµ°¡ ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï µî±ÞÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù. Áï, ³·Àº ¿Âµµ¿¡¼­´Â °¥Åº(lignite)ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö¸ç, ¿Âµµ°¡ »ó½ÂÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¿ªÃ»Åº(bituminous coal), ¹«¿¬Åº(anthracite coal)ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø´Ù. ¿Âµµ´Â ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¸Å¸ô ±íÀÌ¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, µî±ÞÀÌ ³ôÀº ¼®ÅºÀº ¸Å¸ô ±íÀ̰¡ ´õ ±í¾úÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇϹǷÎ, µî±ÞÀÌ ³ôÀº ¼®ÅºÀÌ ÁöÇ¥¸é¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº, ±× ¸¸Å­ ħ½ÄÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀϾ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¿Âµµ ¿ÜÀÇ ¿äÀεé·Î ÀÎÇØ °è»êÀÌ º¹ÀâÇϱâ´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¼®ÅºÀÇ µî±ÞÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °æÇèÀû Ãß·ÐÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÁöÇ¥¸éÀ̳ª ÁöÇ¥¸é °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ ¿ªÃ»ÅºÀ̳ª ¹«¿¬ÅºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °ú°Å¿¡ ¼öõ m ÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.  

´ë·úÀû ½ºÄÉÀϷΠħ½ÄÀÇ ±Ô¸ð¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ³× ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ´ë·úºØ, ´ë·ú»ç¸é, ¼öµ¿Àû ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ, ´ë·úÀÇ À¶±â µîÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ(continental margins)ÀÇ ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ ºÎÇǸ¦ ÃøÁ¤Çغ¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎÀÇ ¹è¼ö Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼­ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ·®ÀÌ Æò°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ´ë·«ÀûÀΠħ½ÄÀÇ ÃÑ·®À» ÃßÁ¤Çغ¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.  


´ë·ú¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ Ä§½Ä

´ë·úÀÇ Ä§½Ä¿¡´Â (ÀÛÀº ±â°£ÀÌ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø) µÎ ÁÖ¿ä ½Ã±â°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ù ¹øÂ°´Â ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ëºÎÁ¤ÇÕ(Great Unconformity)À» Çü¼ºÇß´ø, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È­°­¾Ï »óºÎ Áö°¢¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾öû³­ ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ½Ã±âÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ÇÕÀº ºÏ¹Ì ´ë·ú ¼­ºÎÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ª°ú, ¾Æ¸¶µµ Àü ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ °üÃøµÈ´Ù. µÎÅÍ¿î ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀÌ ÀÌ ºÎÁ¤ÇÕ À§·Î ½×¿©Áø ÈÄ, ÅðÀû¹°Àº ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú°í(¿¹·Î À¶±âµÈ »ê¾Ç Áö¿ª), Æòź¸éÀ» ¸¸µé¸é¼­, ÆòźÇÑ ¶Ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸éÀ» ³ëÃâ½ÃÄ×´Ù.

µÎ ¹øÂ° ÁÖ¿ä ħ½Ä ½Ã±â´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀÌ ´ë·ú¿¡ ½×¿©Áø ÈÄ¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× ÈÄ ±Øµµ·Î ¾öû³­ ·®ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼® ºÎÇǰ¡ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁöÇüÇÐÀº ÁöÇ¥¸é ħ½ÄÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ½Ä Áß Çϳª·Î ¹ß»ýÇßÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. ù ¹øÂ°´Â ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ÆÇ»ó ħ½Ä(sheet erosion)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̰í, µÎ ¹øÂ°´Â ÆÇ»ó ħ½Ä ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ¿¬ÀÌ¾î ¹ß»ýÇÑ, ¼ö·ÎÈ­ µÈ ħ½Ä(channelized erosion)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀÇ ÆÇ»ó ħ½Ä »ç·ÊµéÀº ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ÀϾ ÁöÇ¥¸é ħ½ÄÀÇ ÃÑ·®À» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁØ´Ù.


±×¸² 3. ¹Ì±¹ ³²¼­ºÎ, »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£(San Rafael Swell)ÀÇ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀº Ÿ¿øÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃµÆ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ÀÇ Ä§½Ä ·®À» Æò°¡Çϱâ À§ÇÑ À§Ä¡´Â ³²ºÏ ¼±À¸·Î °¡¸®ÄÑÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.


ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø

ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀÇ µÎÅÍ¿î ÅðÀû¾ÏÀº ´ë°³ µ¼°ú ºÐÁö(domes and basins, ¹è»ç±¸Á¶¿Í Çâ»ç±¸Á¶, anticlines and synclines)·Î °¡º±°Ô º¯ÇüµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.(±×¸² 3) µ¼Àº ½ÉÇÏ°Ô Ä§½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. µÎ²²¿Í °¢µµ¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ Ä§½Ä ·®À» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

±×¸² 4. ±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase). (¹Ì±¹ ºÏºÎ ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ÁÖ, ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð ºÏÂÊÀÇ Ä«ÀÌ¹ä °í¿ø¿¡¼­ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº» ¸ð½À)

±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase, °Å´ëÇÑ ÁöÃþ °è´Ü)Àº ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø ¼­ºÎÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î(±×¸² 4), ±×¸² 3¿¡¼­ ºÏ- ³² ¼±À¸·Î Ç¥½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇѶ§ ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð ±Ùó¿¡ Á߽ɺΰ¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø, °Å´ëÇÑ µ¿¼­ ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ÀÇ ºÏÂÊ °¡Áö´Â ħ½ÄµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ±×·£µå °è´Ü¿¡¼­ Àýº®À» Çü¼ºÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀû¾ÏÀº µÎ²²°¡ ¾à 3,000mÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇѶ§ ¸Õ ³²ÂʱîÁö È®ÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ø, ÁöÃþÀÇ Ä§½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ µÎ²²¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô °ü´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â ħ½ÄµÇ¾î ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÌ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 40% °¡´Ã¾îÁ³´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÃßÁ¤Ä¡¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿©, ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´ø ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä ·®Àº 1,830mÀÇ µÎ²²°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª, ºÏÂÊÀÇ ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀ» µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â 600m µÎ²²ÀÇ ¸Þ¸®½ºº£ÀÏ È­»êÁö´ë(Marysvale Volcanic Field)°¡ ³²ÂÊ¿¡µµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ÃÖ¼Ò µÎ²²´Â 2,430m¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ÀÌÀü¿¡, ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ª¿¡¼­´Â µÎ²² 2,430m¿¡¼­ 3,600mÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÆÀ½ÀÌ ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù!

±×·£µå °è´ÜÀÇ ÃÖ»óÃþÀΠŬ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ(Claron Formation, Á¾Á¾ ¿Í»çÄ¡ ÁöÃþ(Wasatch Formation)À¸·Î À߸ø ¿©°ÜÁü)Àº ½Å»ý´ë Ãʱâ·Î ¿¬´ë°¡ Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸Þ¸®½ºº£ÀÏ È­»êÁö´ë´Â ½Å»ý´ë Á߱⿡¼­ ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ ÃʹÝÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.[7] ÀÌ ¾Ï¼®µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ħ½ÄµÇ±â Àü¿¡ ³õ¿©Á³¾î¾ß¸¸ Ç߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ºÏºÎ¿Í À¯Å¸ ³²ºÎÀÇ ÀÌµé ¾Ï¼®ÀÇ ÆÇ»ó ħ½ÄÀº ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±× Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄÀÇ °æ°è´Â ½Å»ý´ë Èı⠸»·Î ÁÖÀåµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀº ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ªÀÇ Æòź¸é(planation surface)À» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù(±×¸² 6). ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ºÄÉÀÏÀÇ Æòź¸éÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ Çü¼ºµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§½Ä¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ Æòź¸éÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù.

ħ½ÄÀÌ ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î °è»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ À§Ä¡´Â, ±×¸² 3¿¡¼­ Ÿ¿øÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø ºÏ¼­ºÎÀÇ »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£(San Rafael Swell) Áö¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ±× Áö¿ªÀº ¾à 65km¿¡¼­ 120km ÀÌ´Ù.[8] À¯Å¸ÁÖ ÇÁ¶óÀ̽º ºÏºÎÀÇ »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£ÀÇ ºÏÂÊ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀº ·Ð¾ØºÏ Àýº®(Roan and Book Cliffs)À» ±¸¼ºÇϰí, ºÏ-ºÏµ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 8¡Æ Á¤µµ ±â¿ï¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿Àµå¿Í Ŭ·¹ºê¹ö±×(Oard and Klevberg)´Â ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÌ ÆòÅºÇØÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â À¯Å¸ÁÖ ÇÁ¶óÀ̽º(Price, Utah) À§·Î ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ÁöÃþ ħ½ÄÀÇ ·®À» °è»êÇß´Ù.[9] ¿Â°ÇÇÏ°Ô 6¡ÆÀÇ ±â¿ï±â¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸° ´Ü¸éÀÇ Ä§½Ä ·®Àº 3,660~4,575m·Î °è»êµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¼ýÀÚ´Â ´õ Ŭ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 191¹ø °í¼Óµµ·ÎÀÇ ÇÏÀÌÆÐ½º ºÏÂÊÀÇ, »óºÎ ÁöÃþÀÇ Ä§½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÎ, ±×¸°¸®¹ö ÁöÃþ(Green River Formation)Àº 600m ³ôÀÌÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÇѶ§ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾à 600mÀÇ ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÌ ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ À§·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£ÀÇ ÃÖ¼Ò ÃÑ Ä§½Ä·®Àº 4,200~5,100mÀÌ´Ù! (±×¸² 7)

±×¸² 5. ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° °è´ÜÀΠŬ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ À§ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¸®¿ì½º °í¿ø(Aquarius Plateau).(È­»ìÇ¥). (¹Ì±¹ À¯Å¸ ³²ÁߺÎÀÇ ºê¶óÀ̽º ij´Ï¾ð ±¹¸³°ø¿ø¿¡¼­ ºÏµ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº» Àü¸Á).

±×·£µå °è´Ü°ú ·Ð¾ØºÏ Àýº®¿¡¼­ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁúÇÐ ´Ü¼­µéÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÏ¿©, Æò±Õ 2,500~5,000m µÎ²²ÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø Àüü¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù![10] ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀº ¾à 337,000km2ÀÇ ¸éÀûÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ħ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¦°ÅµÈ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÇ ºÎÇÇ´Â ¹«·Á 842,000~1,700,000km3ÀÇ ¸·´ëÇÑ ·®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°µéÀº ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ´ë·ú ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿Å°ÜÁ³À½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø°í, °Å´ëÇÑ ½ºÄÉÀÏÀÇ °í¼ÓÀÇ ¹° È帧À» °¡¸®Å²´Ù. À̰ÍÀº È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â(Recessional Stage)¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡¼­, ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀÇ È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è´Â ½Å»ý´ë Èı⠸»¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù.


¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ

¹Ì±¹ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ(Appalachian Mountains)Àº ¿À·£ ±â°£ÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ¸·Î ³°¾ÆÁø ¸ð½ÀÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÆÄÀÚ±Û¸®¾Æ¿Í °¡µå³Ê(Pazzaglia and Gardner)´Â »ê¸ÆÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Ä§½Ä ÃÑ·®À» ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ¿© Á¤·®È­Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº 7km ÀÌ»ó µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.[11] µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇп¡¼­ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀº ¼ö¾ï ³â µ¿¾È ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ, ¸Å²ô·¯¿î »êÀÌ µÆ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀÇ µÕ±Ù ¸ð½ÀÀº ±× »ê¸ÆÀÌ ¾öû³­ ³ªÀ̸¦ °®°í ÀִµíÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ÁØ´Ù. ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ Áö¿ªÀº °í»ý´ë·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, µ¿ºÎ ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ »ç¶óÁø ÁöÃþÀÇ ¿¬´ë¿¡¼­ º¸¿©Áö´Â °Íó·³, ħ½ÄÀº ±× ÈÄÀÎ Áß»ý´ë Áß±â¿Í ½Å»ý´ë¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.[12] ±×·¯³ª ħ½ÄÀº ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ ²À´ë±âµµ Á¦°ÅÇØ¹ö·È±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ħ½ÄÀº È«¼ö°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ÀϾÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ħ½Ä ·®Àº À¯È¿ÇÒ±î? µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾à 6.4kmÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù![13]

ħ½Ä ·®À» ÃßÁ¤Çϴ ù ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº, ÁöÇ¥¸é ¶Ç´Â ÁöÇ¥¸é ±Ùó¿¡¼­ ¼®ÅºÀÇ µî±Þ(coal rank)À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼®ÅºÀº ºí·ç¸®Áö »ê¸Æ(Blue Ridge Mountains)ÀÇ ¼­ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþ¿¡¼­ ÈçÇÏ´Ù.[14] ¼®ÅºÀº ³ôÀº µî±ÞÀÇ ¹«¿¬Åº¿¡¼­ Áß°£ µî±ÞÀÇ ¿ªÃ»Åº±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇϸç, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³²µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î °¡¸é¼­ µî±ÞÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.[14] ÇÁ¸®µå¸Õ°ú »÷´õ½º(Friedman and Sanders)´Â ´º¿å ijÃ÷ų »ê¸Æ(Catskill Mountains)ÀÇ ¹«¿¬ÅºÀº Á¤»óÀû ¿Âµµ ±â¿ï±â(temperature gradient)¸¦ °¡Á¤ÇÒ ¶§, ¾à 6.4kmÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù.[15] ¸¸¾à ±×µéÀÇ ÃßÁ¤ÀÌ ¸Â´Â´Ù¸é, ºí·ç¸®Áö »ê¸ÆÀÇ ¼­ÂÊ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀû¾Ï Áö´ëÀÇ Ç¥¸é ±Ùó¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ¹«¿¬Åº¿¡µµ ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÌ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Âµµ ±â¿ï±â°¡ ³ôÀ»¼ö·Ï, À§·Î ³õ¿©Áø ÁöÃþ ºÎÇÏ´Â Àû°Ô µÇ°í, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ħ½Ä ·®Àº Àû¾îÁø´Ù.[14] ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ªÃ»ÅºÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ªÀº ÁöÃþ ºÎÇϰ¡ ÀûÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̵é Áö¿ª¿¡¼­, ħ½ÄµÈ ÁöÃþ µÎ²²¸¦ 4.0~6.4km·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸² 6. ¹Ì±¹ ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ºÏºÎÀÇ ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ Æòź¸é(planation surface) (·¹µå ºäÆ®(Red Butte) Á¤»ó¿¡¼­ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óº» Àü¸Á).

µÎ ¹øÂ° ¹æ¹ýÀº ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ´Â ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ ¾çÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ, ƯÈ÷ ³²ºÎ Áö¿ªÀº º¯¼º¾Ï°ú È­¼º¾ÏÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. ¸Ö¸® µ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î, ÅðÀû¹° ½û±â(sedimentary wedge) ±¸Á¶´Â ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ¼­ÂÊ ¸»´ÜÀ» Ç¥½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ ½û±âÀÇ °æ°è´Â Á¾Á¾ ÆøÆ÷¼±(Fall Line)¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇØÀÖ´Ù. ÆøÆ÷¼±¿¡¼­ ´ë·úÀÇ »ó½Â±îÁöÀÇ ÅðÀû¾ÏÀº, ÅðÀû¹°°ú ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù¹æÇâÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÁøÀü°ú µÎ²¨¿öÁø ½û±â¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.[16, 17] ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°°ú ¾Ï¼®µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ÈĹݱâÀÇ ¼öÁ÷Àû ±¸Á¶ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ[4] °á°ú·Î ÀÎÇÑ, ³ôÀº °íµµÀÇ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀÇ Ä§½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. ¼öÁ÷Àû ±¸Á¶ ¿îµ¿Àº Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ÁöÇüÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Ã߷еǰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¼º°æ¿¡µµ ±â¼úµÇ¾îÀִµ¥[18], ´ë·úÀÇ À¶±â¿Í ´ë¾çÀúÀÇ Ä§°­À» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ¾Õ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ ÅðÀû¾Ï ÃÑ·®¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿©, ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ ºÐÇÒ µ¿ÂÊÀÇ Ä§½ÄµÈ ÃÑ·®Àº ¾à 6km µÎ²² ¿´´Ù.[13]

Æ÷¾Æ±×¿Í ¼¼º»(Poag and Sevon)Àº ¸»Çß´Ù : ¡±ÁÖ¿äÇÑ µ¿·ÂÀÌ µÈ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀº ±¸Á¶ ¿îµ¿ÀûÀ̸ç, Áö°¢ ÆòÇüÀûÀ̾ú´ø À¶±â¿Í ħ°­À̾ú´Ù.¡±[19] ¹Ì±¹ µ¿ºÎÀÇ ±¸Á¶Àû À¶±â(tectonic uplift)´Â ħ½ÄÀ» À¯¹ßÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ¹Ï¾îÁø´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ¸¦ µû¶ó ¿¬¾È¿¡ °¡¶ó¾ÉÀº ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ÃÑ·®À¸·Î ÀûÇÕ½ÃÄѺ¸¸é, 14kmÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù.[12, 18] ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸»Àº È«¼ö ¹°À» ¹è¼ö½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­, Çϳª´Ô²²¼­ »ç¿ëÇϽЏÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ¸·Î, ½ÃÆí 104:8ÀýÀ» »ó±â½ÃÄÑ ÁØ´Ù. ¡±»êÀº ¿À¸£°í, °ñÂ¥±â´Â ³»·Á°¬³ªÀÌ´Ù¡±. Áö°¢ÆòÇüÀû À¶±â(isostatic uplift)´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþµéÀÇ Á¦°Å·Î ¾ß±âµÈ, ÀÌÂ÷Àû ±¸Á¶Àû ÈûÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î, ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ Ãß°¡´Â ÇØ¾ç °¡ÀåÀÚ¸®ÀÇ °¥¶óÁü°ú ÇÏÇâ¿ä°îÀ» ¾ß±â½ÃŲ ÀÌÂ÷Àû ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù.

±×¸² 7. »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£(San Rafael Swell)ÀÇ Ä§½ÄµÆÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ºÏÂÊ ÁöÃþµé. ¹Ì±¹ À¯Å¸ÁÖ ÇÁ¶óÀ̽º(Price) Áö¿ª À§·Î 4,200~5,100mÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¹°À½Ç¥°¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¡¼±Àº µÎ²²ÀÇ º¯È­´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϰí, »÷ ¶óÆÄ¿¤ ½ºÀ£±îÁö ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿Ü»ðÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.


ħ½ÄÀº »¡¶ú´Ù.

¹Ì±¹ ¼­ºÎÀÇ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ªÀº ħ½ÄÀÌ »¡¶úÀ¸¸ç, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÀϾ °ÍÀÓÀ» ÀÔÁõÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ¸ðµç Æò¿øÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾î »ç¶óÁö°í ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â, µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿ö(Devils Tower, ¾Ç¸¶ÀÇ Å¾)´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È °è¼Ó ¼­ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.[20] ¼öÁ÷ ¾Ïº®Àº Á߷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °­ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ, ¾Ï¼®µéÀº Èê·¯³»¸®°í ¶³¾îÁö±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ´õ ½±°Ô ħ½ÄµÈ´Ù.[21, 22] ´õ±º´Ù³ª µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿öÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼öÁ÷ ±Õ¿­µéÀº µ¿°á-ÇØºùÀÇ Ç³È­ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ½±°Ô ÆÄ±«µÇ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Ï¼® Æ´ »çÀÌ·Î ºø¹°ÀÌ µé¾î°¡°í, Ãß¿î ³¯¾¾¿¡ ¾ó¾î¹ö¸®¸é, ±Õ¿­Àº Ä¿Áø´Ù. ¸Å °Ü¿ï¸¶´Ù ¹ÙÀ§ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÌ ÀÚÁÖ ¶³¾îÁö°í ¹«³ÊÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿¹»óµÇ°í, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ °üÃøµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù :

1954³â 11¿ù¿¡ µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿ö °¡±îÀÌ¿¡ »ì¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¹ã¿¡ µ¿°áÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ´Â µ¿¾È µ¹À̳ª ¹ÙÀ§ µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÌ Å×ÀÏ·¯½º(talus, Àýº® ±â½¾À̳ª »ê »ç¸é¿¡ ½×¿©ÀÖ´Â Àýº®¿¡¼­ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Â ¸ð³­ ¾Ï¼®ÀÇ ÁýÇÕü)¿¡ ¶³¾îÁ® ºÎµúÈ÷´Â ¼Ò¸®¸¦ µéÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÏÀº ´ë°³ ´«ÀÌ ¿Â ÈÄ¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù... ÇØ°¡ ºñÄ¡´Â µû¶æÇÑ ³¯ ´«ÀÌ ³ì¾Æ¼­ ¹°±â°¡ µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿öÀÇ Àý¸®(ï½×â; ¾Ï¼®ÀÇ °¥¶óÁø Æ´. ¼öÁ÷ Æ´»õ)¿¡ µé¾î°£´Ù. ¾îµÎ¿öÁø ÈÄ, ¹°ÀÌ ¾ó¾î¼­ ÆØÃ¢ÇÏ¿©, Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿ö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÙÀ§µ¢¾î¸®°¡ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Í, Å×ÀÏ·¯½º¿¡ µ¹µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹¾ÆÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[23]     

µ¥ºí½ºÅ¸¿ö´Â ¼ö¸¸ ³â ¸¸¿¡, È®½ÇÈ÷ 10¸¸ ³â À̳»¿¡, ºü¸£°Ô ÆÄ±«µÇ¾î »ç¶óÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ªÀº ±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase)À» ¸¸µé¾ú´ø ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® »è¹Ú(Great Denudation) µ¿¾È, ¼ö¹é¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª â¼¼±â ´ëÈ«¼öÀÇ ¹°·¯°¡´ø È«¼ö ¹°¿¡¼­ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â °Íó·³, ±×·¹ÀÌÆ® »è¹ÚÀº ´À¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í, ¸Å¿ì »¡¶úÀ½À» °¡¸®Å°´Â, °­·ÂÇÑ ÁöÇ¥µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Áõ°Å´Â ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° '°è´Ü'ÀÇ ²À´ë±â¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ¾Ï¼® À¯Çü¿¡¼­ ÁÖ·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ(ÇÎÅ© Àýº®, Pink Cliffs)Àº »óÃþºÎ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° °è´ÜÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇѶ§ È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» µ¤¾ú´Ù. È­»ê¾ÏÀº ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÂ° °è´ÜÀÇ ºÏÂÊ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î º¸¿©Áø´Ù.(±×¸² 5) Å©¸¯¸ÞÀÌ(Crickmay)´Â Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿ø(Table Cliffs Plateau) ºÏºÎÀÇ Á¤»óºÎ¿¡¼­ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ħ½ÄµÈ 600m µÎ²²ÀÇ È­»ê¾Ï°ú, °í¿øÀÇ Á¤»óºÎ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í Àִ ħ½ÄµÇ±â ½¬¿î ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ(Claron Formation) »çÀÌÀÇ ´çȲ½º·¯¿î ħ½Ä °ü°è¸¦ ±â¼úÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù :

¡±¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, À¯Å¸ÁÖÀÇ °í¿øµé¿¡¼­ °íÁö´ë Ç¥¸éÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù °ü±¤°´µé¿¡°Ô Å« ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¼öÁ÷Àû ¿¬¼Ó ÃþµéÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù. °¡Àå ³ôÀº °í¿ø Áß Çϳª°¡ ¾à 600mÀÇ ÀúÇ×¼º È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ Á¤»óºÎ¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¸®¿ì½º °í¿ø(Aquarius Plateau)ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ È­»ê¾Ï ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ·¡¿¡´Â, Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿ø(Table Cliffs Plateau)ÀÌ Æ¢¾î³ª¿Í Àִµ¥, ÀÌ °í¿øÀº ħ½ÄµÇ±â ½¬¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ(Claron Formation)À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼­´Â ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ °­ÇÑ È­»ê¾ÏÀÇ ¶Ñ²±ÀÌ ¹þ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀúÇ×¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÁöÃþÀÌ °í¿ø ÇüŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÁÖº¯ Áö¿ªÀº ±¤´ëÇÑ ¸éÀû¿¡ °ÉÃļ­, ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã 1,200m ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ³·¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.¡±[24]

±×¸² 8. À¯Å¸ÁÖ ³²ÁߺÎÀÇ ±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase)ÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ±×¸². Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿ø(Table Cliffs Plateau) À§ÂÊÀ¸·Î 600m µÎ²²ÀÇ È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ ºÏÂÊÀ¸·Î ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú°í, ±× ¹ØÀÇ ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþ(Claron Formation)¿¡´Â ÇÏÇâÀû ħ½ÄÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ÀϾÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇüÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº, È­»ê¾ÏÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ±×·£µå °è´Ü(Grand Staircase)ÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ¾úÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.

Å©¸¯¸ÞÀ̰¡ ¸»Çß´ø °ÍÀ» ¼¼¹ÐÈ÷ »ìÆìº¸¸é, ¾ÆÄí¾Æ¸®¿ì½º °í¿øÀÇ ´Ü´ÜÇÑ È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ħ½ÄµÇ°í, ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþÀÌ µå·¯³­ °ÍÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·± ´ÙÀ½ Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿øÀÇ Å¬·¡·Ð ÁöÃþÀÌ ³²ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 1,200mÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾î, ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °è´ÜÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È, Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿øÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþÀº °ÅÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù!

¸¸¾à ¼ö¹é ¼öõ¸¸ ³â¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ¾ú´Ù¸é, ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþÀº ¿ë¾Ï ¶Ñ²±ÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÈ ÈÄ¿¡ ½±°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ³ôÀº °íµµ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å×À̺í Ŭ¸®ÇÁ °í¿øÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀº ´õ »¡¶úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ôÀº °íÁö´ë´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº °­¼ö·®À» °®°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸² 8Àº Å©¸¯¸ÞÀ̰¡ ±â¼úÇÑ °Íó·³ ħ½ÄÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ´ëÁ¶¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÈ ÈÄ¿¡, ºÎµå·¯¿î Ŭ·¡·Ð ÁöÃþÀÇ Á¤»óºÎ´Â ħ½ÄµÇÁö ¾Ê°í ³²¾ÆÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀº, È­»ê¾ÏÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀÌ µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ¼ö¹é ¼öõ¸¸ ³â µ¿¾È¿¡ õõÈ÷ ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºñ±³Àû ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ºü¸£°Ô ÀϾÀ» ¶§»ÓÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº Àüü ±×·£µå °è´ÜÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ¾úÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇϸç, À̰ÍÀº È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù.
 
ħ½ÄÀÌ ºü¸£°Ô ÀϾ´Ù´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Áõ°Å´Â ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð Áö¿ª¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. À¯Å¸/¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª °æ°è ±ÙóÀÇ ³ª¹ÙÈ£ »ê(Navajo Mountain)Àº ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ ºÏµ¿ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¾à 130km ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ±× »êÀº ÇØ¹ß 3,166m À̰í, ÅðÀû¾Ï ³»¿¡¼­ Çü¼ºµÈ È­»ê µ¢¾î¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ±× »êÀº ÁÖº¯ ÅðÀû¾Ïº¸´Ù 1,830m À§·Î ¼Ú¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ µ¥ºô½ºÅ¸¿ö¿Í À¯»çÇϰÔ, 1,830mÀÇ ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÌ Àüü Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ºü¸£°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ¾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é, ³ª¹ÙÈ£ »êÀº Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »êµéÀº ´ëü·Î ¼öÆòÀûÀÎ ÁöÇ¥¸éº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ºü¸£°Ô ħ½ÄµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.


´ë·ú ħ½ÄÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç·Ê

ºÏ¹Ì ´ë·úÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½Ä Çö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇØÀÖ´Ù. ½Å»ý´ë µ¿¾È ¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª ³²ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â 1.6km ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.[25] ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡ ·ÎŰ»ê¸Æ, »ê±â½¾, ij³ª´Ù ³²ºÎÀÇ ¼­ºÎ Æò¿ø¿¡¼­ ¼ö km µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¶óÁ³´Ù.[26, 27]

ºÏ¹Ì ´ë·úÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇØÀÖ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ´ë·úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀº ´Ù¸¥ ´ë·úµé, ƯÈ÷ »ê¾ÇÁö¿ª¿¡¼­ ¸·´ëÇÏ°Ô ÀϾÀÖ´Ù.[28, 29] ´ë·ú ħ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÃßÁ¤Ä¡µéÀÌ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ¹®Çå¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ºÏ¹Ì ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ÀϾ Àϸ¸ °¡Áö°íµµ, ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ¸»¿¡ ¾î¶² ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ¾ú´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸¿©Áֱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

±×¸² 9. ¿µ±¹ ³²µ¿ºÎÀÇ À¶±âµÈ ÈÄ¿¡ ħ½ÄµÈ Àªµç µ¼(Wealden Dome). µ¼ÀÇ Áß¾Ó¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ÃÑ ÁöÃþ µÎ²²´Â ´ë·« 1,500mÀÌ´Ù.

È£ÁÖÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû Ư¡À» »ìÆìº¸¸é, È£ÁÖ ´ë·úµµ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.[30] ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é È£ÁÖ ³²ºÎÀÇ Çø°´õ½º »ê¸Æ(Flinders Ranges)Àº 6,000m Á¤µµ°¡ ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.[31, 32] À¯·´¿¡¼­ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¿þÀÏÁî »ê¾ÇÁö¿ªÀº 3,000m Á¤µµ°¡ ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.[33] ¿µ±¹ ³²µ¿ºÎ¿¡¼­´Â 1,000~1,600m Á¤µµ°¡ ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù(±×¸² 9)[34, 35].     

ÆÄÆ®¸®Áö(Partridge)´Â ³²ºÎ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ 1,000~3,000m ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù.[36] ³²±Ø´ë·úÀÇ Æ®·£½º¾ØÅ¸Å©Æ½ »ê¸Æ(Transantartic Mountains)ÀÇ ¸Æ¸Óµµ(McMurdo) Áö¿ªÀÇ ÇØº¯ 260km¸¦ µû¶ó ¹ß»ýµÇ¾îÀÖ´Â 4,000~7,000m µÎ²²ÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀº ÂüÀ¸·Î °æÀÌ·Ó´Ù.[37]

´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »êµéÀÌ (µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ½Ã°£ Ʋ·Î) ½Å»ý´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ À¶±âµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡[38], ÀÌ ¸ðµç ħ½ÄµéÀº ½Å»ý´ë µ¿¾È, ´ëü·Î ½Å»ý´ë ÈıâÀÇ Áß¹ÝÂë¿¡ ÀϾ´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

 

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ÀÛÀº ½ºÄÉÀÏ¿¡¼­µµ, ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î°ú ºÐÁö¿¡ ´ë´ëÀûÀΠħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ ¿©·¯ »ç·ÊµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Ä§½ÄÀº È«¼ö ÈÄÅð±âÀÇ ÆÇ»ó ħ½Ä ´Ü°è ÀÌÈÄ¿Í, ¼ö·ÎÈ­ µÈ ħ½Ä ´Ü°è À̳»¿¡¼­ ÁÖ·Î ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ±íÀº °ñÂ¥±â¿¡´Â ¾Ð»ç·ÎÄ« È­»ê¾ÏÀÌ 1,000m ±íÀÌ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ħ½ÄµÇ¾îÀÖ°í, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº È­»ê¼º ¾Ï¼³·ù(volcanic debris flows)·Î ½×¿©Áø »óÃþºÎ°¡ Æòźȭ µÈ ÈÄ¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ¸ðµÎ ½Å»ý´ë Áß±â¿Í Èı⿡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù.[3] °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î µÎÅÍ¿î ÅðÀû¾ÏÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °è°î°ú ºÐÁö¿¡¼­, ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä·®À» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¿¹´Â ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î°ú ºÐÁö¿¡¼­ Æò°¡µÈ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ºÐÁö¿Í °è°îµéµµ ÀǽÉ​​ÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ±×¸²À» º¸¿©ÁÙ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù.

¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÈ óÀ½ µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇß´ø ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº, ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î ¶Ç´Â ºÐÁö¸¦ ä¿ì°í ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀû¾Ï »óºÎÀÇ ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä·®À» °áÁ¤Çß´Ù.[39] ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹ÖÀÇ Æò±Õ ÃßÁ¤Ä¡´Â 850m¿¡ À̸¥´Ù(Ç¥ 1). Äݷζ󵵿¡¼­´Â 1,520m¿¡ ´ÞÇϰí, ´º¸ß½ÃÄÚ¿¡¼­´Â 1,000m¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. ÁöÃþµéÀÌ ´ë°Ô ÆòźÇÑ, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °íÆò¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§½Ä ÃßÁ¤Ä¡µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù : (1)ÅØ»ç½º ºÏ¼­ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¾à 180m, (2)ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ ³²µ¿ºÎ¿¡¼­ 180m, (3)ĵÀÚ½º ºÏ¼­ºÎ¿¡¼­ 120m (4)³×ºê¶ó½ºÄ« ¼­ºÎ¿¡¼­ 400m, (5)»ç¿ì½º ´ÙÄÚŸ ³²¼­ºÎ¿¡¼­ 190m, (6)¸óųª ºÏµ¿ºÎ¿¡¼­ 100m ¹Ì¸¸... À̰͵éÀº ħ½Ä ÀÜÀç¹°ÀÌ ¾ø°í, °íÆò¿ø¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ¹è»ç±¸Á¶ ¶§¹®¿¡, °ú¼ÒÆò°¡µÆÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº Áö¿ªµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡ ÀϾ´Ù.


Ç¥ 1. ¹Ì±¹ ¿ÍÀÌ¿À¹Ö ÁÖÀÇ °è°î°ú ºÐÁöµéÀÇ ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä·® (´ÜÀ§ : ¹ÌÅÍ).[39]

¿Àµå(Oard)´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡ ºòÈ¥ ºÐÁö(Bighorn Basin) µ¿ºÎÀÇ Ä§½Ä ·®À» ŸƮ¸¸ »ê(Tatman Mountain) ¹× ±×·¹À̺Ò(Greybull) ½ÃÀÇ ³ôÀ̸¦ ±âÁØÀ¸·Î 744m·Î ÃßÁ¤Çß´Ù.[3] ºòÈ¥ºÐÁö ¼­ºÎ´Â ºòÈ¥ºÐÁö µ¿ºÎ Áö¿ªº¸´Ù »ó´çÈ÷ ³ô¾ÒÀ¸¸ç(¾à 1,550m), À̴ ǥ1¿¡¼­ ºòÈ¥ºÐÁöÀÇ Æò±ÕÀÌ ºòÈ¥ºÐÁö µ¿ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀµåÀÇ ÃßÁ¤Ä¡º¸´Ù ³·Àº ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁØ´Ù. Æò±Õ 470mÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ¸·Î, ºòÈ¥ºÐÁö¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ÃÑ·®Àº ¾à 10,000km3 ÀÌ´Ù.


´ë·úÀÇ °¡ÀåÀÚ¸®¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¾öû³­ ÆÇ»ó ÅðÀû

¸¹Àº ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ´Â ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ À§ ¾Æ·¡·Î È®ÀåµÇ¾îÀÖ´Â, µÎÅÍ¿î ÅðÀû¹° ½û±â(sedimentary wedges)ÀÇ ÀÚ±¹À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿¹·Î´Â ´ë¼­¾ç ÇØ¾ÈÆò¾ß(Atlantic Coastal Plain)¿Í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸ß½ÃÄÚ¸¸ ÇØ¾ÈÆò¾ß(Gulf Coastal Plain)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. (ÂüÁ¶ : ¾öû³­ ·®ÀÇ ¿öÆÛ ¸ð·¡´Â Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö¸¦ °¡¸®Å²´Ù.) ÀÌµé ºÐÁö¿Í ÅðÀû¹°Àº ºñ±³Àû ÀþÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÅðÀû¹°Àº ´ë·ú ħ½Ä¿¡¼­ ÆÄ»ýµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅðÀû¹° ½û±âÀÇ µÎ²²´Â ¼ö km¿¡¼­ 10km ÀÌ»óÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸·´ëÇÑ ·®ÀÇ ÅðÀû¹° ÃÑ ºÎÇÇ´Â, ´ë·ú ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ ´Ê°Ô ¹ß»ýÇß´ø ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ Áõ°Å°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, À̵é ÅðÀû¹°ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ½Å»ý´ë·Î °£ÁֵDZ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è¸¦ ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ·Î ​​°áÁ¤Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÆ´ø 14°³ÀÇ ÆÇÁ¤±âÁØ Áß ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡¼­µµ ´Ê°Ô ÀϾÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[2]


µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ Ä§½Ä ¸ð½ÀµéÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù.

¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇßµíÀÌ, Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀÀº ´ë·úÀû ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ¾ú´Ù´Â °¡Àå ÁÁÀº Áõ°Å°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌµé ¸ð½ÀµéÀº ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð°ú °°Àº °Å´ë ½ºÄÉÀÏÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ±¤´ëÇÑ Æòź¸é(planation surfaces)¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ, ¼ö±Ø(water gaps), dz±Ø(wind gaps)¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ.[4] âÁ¶·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ È°¹ßÈ÷ ¿¬±¸ÇؾßÇÒ ºÐ¾ß Áß Çϳª°¡ ÁöÇüÇÐ(geomorphology)ÀÌ´Ù. 1¼¼±â ÀÌ»ó µ¿¾È µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀ» ÁÂÀý½ÃÄ×´ø, ¹Ì½ºÅ͸® °°Àº ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀµéÀÌ Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö °úÁ¤À¸·Î´Â ¸Å¿ì ½±°Ô ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇü ¸ð½Àµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϰüµÇ°Ô ÃßÁ¤µÇ´Â ´ÊÀº ¿¬´ë(´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ½Å»ý´ë Èıâ)[2], È«¼ö¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â ¾Ï¼®±â·ÏµéÀº ½Å»ý´ë Èı⿡ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®µéÀÇ À¶±â¿Í ħ½ÄÀÌ µ¿¹ÝµÆ¾ú´Ù´Â ½Å·Ú¼º ³ôÀº °á·ÐÀ» À̲ø¾î³½´Ù. ¾î¶² È«¼ö·ÐÀÚµéÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ½ÃÁ¡À», ¾Ï¼®±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ¾Æ·¡ÂÊÀÎ K/T(¹é¾Ç±â/Á¦3±â) °æ°è·Î µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °Ýº¯À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ê°Ô Çü¼ºµÈ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ°í ºÒÇÊ¿äÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.


¿ä¾à ¹× ½Ã»çÁ¡

È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ½¬¿î ¹æ¹ý Áß Çϳª´Â, ÁÖ¾îÁø Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄÀÇ ¿¬´ë¿Í ħ½ÄÀÇ ·®À» ÃßÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿©, ´ë·ú ħ½ÄÀÇ ·®Àº ¸Å¿ì ¸·´ëÇßÀ¸¸ç, »ó´çÈ÷ ´Ê°Ô ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. °è»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿ø¿¡¼­´Â 5km, ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼­´Â 6km µÎ²²ÀÇ ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®ÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ´ë·ú¿¡ ½×¿©ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀû¾ÏÀÇ Æò±Õ µÎ²²°¡ ´ÜÁö 1.8km¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§, ±× Å©±â´Â ½Ç·Î ¾öû³ª´Ù. ÃÖ¼Ò Ä§½Ä ·®Àº ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î°ú ºÐÁö¿Í °°Àº ´õ ÀÛÀº ½ºÄÉÀÏ¿¡¼­ »êÁ¤µÉ ¼ö Àִµ¥, À̰÷¿¡¼­´Â ¾à 1,000mÀÇ ÁöÃþÀÌ Ä§½ÄµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î °è»êµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¾î¶² È«¼ö·ÐÀÚµéÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ½ÃÁ¡À», ¾Ï¼®±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ¾Æ·¡ÂÊÀÎ K/T(¹é¾Ç±â/Á¦3±â) °æ°è·Î µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °Ýº¯À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ê°Ô Çü¼ºµÈ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀµéÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ°í ºÒÇÊ¿äÇØ º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ħ½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ °÷¸¶´Ù, ÅðÀû ÀÔÀÚµéÀº Á¾Á¾ ¸Å¿ì ¸Õ °Å¸®¸¦, ½ÉÁö¾î ´ë·úÁÖº¯ºÎ±îÁö ¿î¹ÝµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ë·úÀÇ À¶±â¿Í ÇØ¾çºÐÁöÀÇ Ä§°­À» °¡Á®¿Â ¼öÁ÷Àû ±¸Á¶ ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ, °Å´ëÇÑ ºÐÁöµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³°í, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ ¸¸¿¡¼­¿Í °°Àº ÅðÀû¹° ½û±â(sedimentary wedges)°¡ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀÀº È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â(Recessional Stage) µ¿¾È¿¡ ¸¸µé¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀµéÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®ÇÑ ¹ÌÇØ°á ¹®Á¦·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖÁö¸¸, È«¼ö ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­´Â ´ë±Ô¸ðÀû »ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ½±°Ô ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀµéÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö°¡ ³¡³ª°í, ±× ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °Ýº¯Àû »ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Á¿ö º¸ÀδÙ.

Áö±¸ Ç¥¸éÀÇ ÁöÇüÇÐÀû Ư¼ºÀº ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ÆÇ»ó È帧(sheet flow)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ä§½Ä ¸ð½À(Æòź¸é°ú °°Àº)¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ, ¼ö·ÎÈ­ µÈ È帧(channelized flow)ÀÇ Ä§½Ä ¸ð½À(¼ö±Ø°ú dz±Ø°ú °°Àº)¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö, ÁöÇ¥¸é ¸ð½ÀÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù : ¡±Á¦3±â(Tertiary) µ¿¾È¿¡ ÁöÇüÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Æòźȭ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ, Á¦4±â(Quaternary) µ¿¾È¿¡ °è°îÀÇ ¹ß´Þ°ú Àý°³´Â À¯·´¿¡ Àß ±â·ÏµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.¡±[40] À̰ÍÀº È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â °Í°ú Á¤È®È÷ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù. ÆÇ»ó È帧ÀÇ Ä§½Ä¿¡¼­, ¼ö·ÎÈ­ µÈ È帧 ħ½ÄÀ¸·ÎÀÇ, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüȯÀº ÁöÇü°ú À§Ä¡¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£Áö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î È«¼ö ¹°ÀÌ ¹°·¯°¡¸é¼­ ¸ÕÀú ³ëÃâµÆ´ø °íÁö´ë Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ´õ ÀÏÂï ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ðµç Áö¿ªÀû ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÁöÇü ¸ð½ÀµéÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁø ½Ã±â°¡ ¾Ï¼®±â·Ï¿¡¼­ ´Ê°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇϸç, °­Á¶µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÁöÇ¥ÀÇ Æòź¸é(¾ÆÁ÷ ÆÄ¿©ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº)Àº ½Å»ý´ë µ¿¾È¿¡ Çü¼ºµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¡®Ãʱâ ÈÄÅð±â(Abative Phase)¡¯¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â ÃʱâÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.[41] ÈÄÅð±âÀÇ ¼Ò¸ê±â(Dispersive Phase) ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ, °è°î°ú Çù°îµéÀÇ ÆÄ¿©ÁüÀº ³ªÁß¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù.[4] µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµéÀº ºùÇϱ⿡ ´ëÇÑ Ãµ¹®ÇÐÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °¡Á¤ÇÏ¿©, 50¹ø ÀÌ»óÀÇ ºùÇϱ⸦ °¡Á¤Çϰí[42], ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀµéÀ» ºùÇÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇؿԴÙ. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³äÀº ¼ö¸¹Àº ºùÇϱâµéÀ» °¡Á¤Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °è°î°ú Àû¾îµµ »óºÎ Å×¶ó½º(terraces)´Â µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ Ʋ¿¡¼­ ºñ-ºùÇϱâ¿Í °ü·ÃµÉ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.[43] (*°­ Å×¶ó½º(river terraces)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀº ¼º°æÀû Áö±¸ ¿ª»ç ³»¿¡¼­ Á¶»çµÉ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ±â»çÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³Ñ¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù).


±×¸² 10. ´ëÈ«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´ø ¸·´ëÇÑ ´ë·ú ħ½Ä ¸ðÇüµµ(drawn by Mrs. Melanie Richard).

½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë·úÀÇ ±¤´ëÇÑ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÁöÇ¥¸é ħ½ÄÀº, ·ÎŰ »ê¸ÆÀÇ °è°î°ú ºÐÁö¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, (µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ½Ã°£ Ʋ·Î) ½Å»ý´ë Á߱⿡¼­ Èı⿡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ÁöÇ¥¸éÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ÁöÇü¿¡¼­ Ã߷еǴ °Íó·³, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¾î¶² °Ýº¯¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼³¸íÇϱâ´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇØ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª È«¼ö ÈÄÅð±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°Åµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁöÁöµÈ´Ù.[41]

³ë¾Æ È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è°¡ K/T °æ°è¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ½Å»ý´ë¿¡µµ °Å´ëÇÑ È«¼ö °Ýº¯ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» °¡Á¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °Å´ëÇÑ ½ºÄÉÀÏÀÇ °Ýº¯Àû ħ½ÄÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷ °¡Á¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀº ¿©±â¿¡¼­ Á¦¾ÈµÆ´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ¿ì¼öÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡Àº È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÀÌÈÄÀÇ °æ°è¸¦ °í»ý´ë ¸», ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¼±Ä¯ºê¸®¾Æ±â¶ó°í(Àç¼­½ÄÈ­ ¸ðµ¨(Recolonization Model)À̶ó ºÒ¸²) ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¸Å¿ì Å©°í Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.[44, 45] ÇöÀç±îÁö °¡Àå ÁÁÀº ¼³¸íÀº, ·ÎÀÌ È¦Æ®(Roy Holt)°¡ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ Á¦¾ÈÇß´ø °Íó·³, ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅð±â¿¡ ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¹°·¯°¡´ø ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ħ½ÄµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â È«¼ö ¹°ÀÌ ÅðÀû¹°°ú ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀ» ´ë·úÀÇ ²À´ë±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ°Ü³»´ø ½Ã±â¸¦ ¡®Ä§»ý´ë(Erodozoic)¡¯¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.[46]

±×¸² 10Àº ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½Å»ý´ë ÈıâÀÇ Ä§½ÄÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ë·ú¿¡ ½×¿©ÀÖ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÇ µÎ²²´Â Æò±Õ ¾à 1,800mÀÌ´Ù.[47] ħ½Ä Á¤µµÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿©, ´ë·úµéÀÇ Æò±ÕÀû ħ½Ä ·®Àº ¾à 500m Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö°¡ ÀýÁ¤¿¡ À̸£·¶À» ¶§, ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÇ Àüü µÎ²²´Â 2,300m¿¡ ´ÞÇßÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, À̵éÀº È«¼ö ¹ü¶÷±â(Inundatory Stage)ÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ ÅðÀûµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÁöÃþ¾Ï¼®µéÀÌ Áö±¸ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÅëÆ²¾î ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ½º³À ¼¦À̶ó´Â µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ÀÇ °ßÇØ¸¦ ±â°¢½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö µ¿¾È¿¡ ÅðÀûµÆ´ø ÅðÀûÁöÃþÀÇ »óÀ§ 20~25%´Â ¹°·¯°¡´Â È«¼ö ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ´Ù½Ã Á¦°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ½Ã»çÇϸç, ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ÅðÀûÁöÃþµµ ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ Ãʱ⿡¼­ Á߱⿡ ÅðÀûµÆ´ø °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû »ç°í°¡ ÀáÀçÀǽĿ¡ ±ò·ÁÀ־, ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¶§ ¹æÇذ¡ µÇ´Â, ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ »ç·Ê°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ÈĹݱâ´Â ÁÖ·Î ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¸·´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀÌ ÀϾ´ø ½Ã±â¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾öû³­ µÎ²²ÀÇ ÅðÀû ÁöÃþµé°ú ¸ðµç È­¼®µéÀº È«¼öÀÇ Àü¹Ý±â¿´´ø ¹ü¶÷±â µ¿¾È¿¡ ½×¿©Áö°í ÆÄ¹¯Çû´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ·ÎÀÌ È¦Æ®´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù. ¡±À̵é Áõ°ÅµéÀÌ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Ȱµ¿ÀÌ Ã³À½ 150ÀÏ À̳»¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.¡±[48]


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It¡¯s plain to see
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Further Reading
Introduction to the Forum

References and notes
1.Reed, J.K. and Oard, M.J. (Eds.), The Geological Column: Perspectives within Diluvial Geology, Creation Research Society Books, Chino Valley, AZ, 2006.
2.Oard, M.J., Defining the Flood/post-Flood boundary in sedimentary rocks, J. Creation 21(1):98–110, 2007.
3.Oard, M.J., Geology indicates the terrestrial Flood/post-Flood boundary is mostly in the Late Cenozoic, J. Creation 27(1):119–127, 2013.
4.Oard, M.J., Flood by Design: Receding Water Shapes the Earth¡¯s Surface, Master Books, Green Forest, AR.
5.Oard, M.J., The Missoula Flood Controversy and the Genesis Flood, Creation Research Society Monograph No. 13, Chino Valley, AZ, 2004.
6.Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl, Jr, J.P. and Jackson, J.A., Glossary of Geology, 5th Edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, p. 28, 2005.
7.Rowley, P.D., Mehnert, H.H., Naeser, C.W., Snee, L.W., Cunningham, C.G., Stevens, T.A., Anderson, J.J., Sable, E.G. and Anderson, R.E., Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Maryvale Volcanic Field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2071, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1994.
8.Huuse, M., Shoulders, S.J., Netoff, D.I. and Cartwright, J., Giant sandstone pipes record basin-scale liquefaction of buried dune sands in the Middle Jurassic of SE Utah, Terra Nova 17, p. 81, 2005.
9.Oard, M.J. and Klevberg, P., The Green River Formation very likely did not form in a postdiluvial lake, Answers Research J. 1:99–108, 2008.
10.Schmidt, K.-H., The significance of scarp retreat for Cenozoic landform evolution on the Colorado Plateau, U.S.A., Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 14:93–105, 1989.
11.Pazzaglia, F.J. and Gardner, T.W., Late Cenozoic landscape evolution of the US Atlantic passive margin: insights into a North American Great Escarpment; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 287, 2000.
12.Poag, C.W., U.S. middle Atlantic continental rise: provenance, dispersal, and deposition of Jurassic to Quaternary sediments; in: Poag, C.W. and P.C. de Graciansky (Eds.), Geological Evolution of Atlantic Continental Rises, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 100–156, 1992.
13.Oard, M.J., Origin of Appalachian Geomorphology Part I: erosion by retreating Floodwater, Creation Research Society Quarterly 48(1):33–48, 2011.
14.Hower, J.C. and Rimmer, S.M., Coal rank trends in the Central Appalachian coalfield: Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky, Organic Geochemistry 17(2):161–173, 1991.
15.Friedman, G.M. and Sanders, J.E., Time-temperature-burial significance of Devonian anthracite implies former great (~6.5 km) depth of burial of Catskill Mountains, New York, Geology 10:93–96, 1982.
16.Klitgord, K.D., Hutchinson, D.R. and Schouten, H., U.S. Atlantic continental margin; structural and tectonic framework; in: Sheridan, R.E. and Grow J.A. (Eds.), The Geology of North America, Volume I–2: The Atlantic Continental Margin: U.S., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 19–55, 1988.
17.Poag, C.W. and Valentine, P.C., Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphy of the United States Atlantic continental shelf and slope; in: Sheridan, R.E. and Grow J.A. (Eds.), The Geology of North America, Volume I–2: The Atlantic Continental Margin: U.S., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 67–85, 1988.
18.Poag, C.W. and Sevon. W.D., A record of Appalachian denudation in post-rift Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the U.S. middle Atlantic continental margin, Geomorphology 2:119–157, 1999.
19.Poag and Seven, ref. 18, p. 119.
20.Oard, M.J., Devils Tower can be explained by floodwater runoff, J. Creation 23(2):124–127, 2009.
21.Twidale, C.R., Geomorphology, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 164–165, 1968.
22.Pazzaglia, F.J., Landscape evolution models; in: Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C. and Atwater B.F. (Eds.), The Quaternary Period in the United States, Elsevier, New York, p. 249, 2004.
23.Robinson, C.S. and Davis, R.E., Geology of Devils Tower, Wyoming, Devils Tower Natural History Association, p. 36, 1995.
24.Crickmay, C.H., The Work of the River: A Critical Study of the Central Aspects of Geomorphology, American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, p. 238, 1974.
25.Oard, M.J. and Klevberg, P., Deposits remaining from the Genesis Flood: Rim Gravels in Arizona, Creation Research Society Quarterly 42(1):1–17, 2005.
26.Bustin, R.M., Organic maturity in the western Canada sedimentary basin, International J. Coal Geology 19:319–358, 1991.
27.Osborn, G., Stockmal, G. and Haspel, R., Emergence of the Canadian Rockies and adjacent plains: a comparison of physiography between end-of-Laramide time and the present day, Geomorphology 75:450–477, 2006.
28.King, L.C., Wandering Continents and Spreading Sea Floors on an Expanding Earth, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 197–214, 1983.
29.Pazzaglia, F.J. and Gardner, T.W., Late Cenozoic landscape evolution of the US Atlantic passive margin: insights into a North American Great Escarpment; in: Summerfield, M.A. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Global Tectonics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 283–302, 2000.
30.Galloway, R.W., Introduction; in: Davies, J.L. and Williams, M.A.J. (Eds.), Landform Evolution in Australasia, Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1–4, 1978.
31.Chorley, R.J., Schumm, S.A. and Sugden, D.E., Geomorphology, Methuen, London, UK, p. 165, 1984.
32.Twidale, C.R. and Campbell, E.M., Australian Landforms: Understanding a Low, Flat, Arid and Old Landscape, Rosenberg Publishing, Dural Delivery Centre, New South Wales, Australia, p. 195, 2005.
33.Small, R.J., The Study of Landforms: A Textbook of Geomorphology, second edition, Cambridge University Press, London, U.K., p. 266, 1978.
34.Japsen, P., Regional Neogene exhumation of Britain and the western North Sea, J. Geological Society, London 154:239–247, 1997.
35.Jones, D.K.C., On the uplift and denudation of the Weald; in: Smith, B.J., Whalley, W.B. and Warke, P.A. (Eds.), Uplift, Erosion and Stability: Perspectives on Long-Term Landscape Development, Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 162, The Geological Society, London, UK, p. 32, 1999.
36.Partridge, T.C., Of diamonds, dinosaurs and diastrophism: 150 million years of landscape evolution in Southern Africa, African J. Geology 101(13):167–184, 1998.
37.Sugden, D. and Denton, G., Cenozoic landscape evolution of the Convoy Range of Mackay Glacier area, Transantarctic Mountains: onshore to offshore synthesis, GSA Bulletin 116(7/8):840–857, 2004.
38.Ollier, C. and Pain, C., The Origin of Mountains, Routledge, New York, 2000.
39.McMillan, M.E., Heller, P.L. and Wing, S.L., History and causes of post-Laramide relief in the Rocky Mountain orogenic plateau, GSA Bulletin 118(3/4):393–405, 2006.
40.Maddy, D., Uplift-driven valley incision and river terrace formation in southern England, J. Quaternary Science 12(6):539, 1997.
41.Walker, T., A Biblical geological model; in: Walsh, R.E. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Creationism, technical symposium sessions, Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 581–592, 1994.
42.Walker, M. and Lowe, J., Quaternary science 2007: a 50-year retrospective, J. Geological Society, London 164:1073–1092, 2207.
43.Oard, M.J., Frozen In Time: The Woolly Mammoth, the Ice Age, and the Biblical Key to Their Secrets, Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 2004.
44.Tyler, D.J., Recolonization and the Mabbul; in: Reed, J.K. and Oard, M.J. (Eds.), The Geological Column: Perspectives within Diluvial Geology, Creation Research Society Books, Chino Valley, AZ, pp. 73–88, 2006.
45.Reed, J.K., Kulikovsky, A.S. and Oard, M.J., Can recolonization explain the rock record? Creation Research Society Quarterly 46(1):27–39, 2009.
46.Holt, R.D., Evidence for a late Cainozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary, J. Creation 10(2):128–167, 1996.
47.Reed, J.K. and Oard, M.J., Three early arguments for deep time—part 3: the ¡®geognostic pile¡¯, J. Creation 26(2):100–109, 2012.
48.Holt, ref. 46, p. 162.

 

Ãâó : Journal of Creation 27(2):62–70, August 2013
URL : http://creation.com/flood-boundary-erosion
¹ø¿ªÀÚ : ¹Ìµð¾îÀ§¿øÈ¸

°ü·Ã ÀÚ·á ¸µÅ©:

1. ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö ÈÄÅð±â¿¡ Çü¼ºµÈ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Áß³²ºÎÀÇ ÆÇ»ó ÀÚ°¥Ãþ : È«¼ö/È«¼ö ÈÄ °æ°è´Â ½Å»ý´ë ÈıâÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. (Retreating Stage formation of gravel sheets in south-central Asia)
2. ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö°¡ ¿î¹ÝÇß´ø ¸·´ëÇÑ ·®ÀÇ ±Ô¾Ï ÀÚ°¥µé - Part 4 : È«¼ö ¸ðµ¨Àº µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µéÀ» ½±°Ô ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. (Flood transported quartzites: Part 4—diluvial interpretations)
3. ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ¹°Àº ´ë·ú¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ¹°·¯°¬´Â°¡? (How did the waters of Noah¡¯s Flood drain off the continents?)
4. ´ë·ú¿¡ ¹ß»ýµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ Ä§½ÄÀº ´ëÈ«¼ö°¡ ÈÛ¾µ°í °£ Áõ°ÅÀÌ´Ù. (Massive erosion of continents demonstrates Flood runoff)
5. ´À¸®°í Á¡ÁøÀûÀΠħ½ÄÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÆòźÇÏ°Ô À̾îÁø ÁöÃþ °æ°è¸éµéÀº À屸ÇÑ ½Ã°£ °£°ÝÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù : â¼¼±â È«¼öÀÇ ÁöÁúÇÐÀû Áõ°Åµé 5 (No Slow and Gradual Erosion)
6. ³ª¹ÙÈ£ »ç¾ÏÃþÀÇ Ãâó·Î¼­ ħ½ÄµÈ ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀÇ ±Ô»ê¼â¼³¹° (Eroded Appalachian Mountain siliciclastics as a source for the Navajo Sandstone)
7. Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼ö¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Æòź¸é (new) : µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³Àû ÁöÇüÇÐÀÌ °áÄÚ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ð½À (The remarkable African Planation Surface)
8. ÁöÇüÇÐÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ Áõ°ÅµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. : »ê, Æòź¸é, µµ»ó±¸¸ª, Ç¥¼®, ¼ö±Ø, ÇØÀúÇù°îÀÇ ±â¿ø (Geomorphology provides multiple evidences for the global flood)
9. â¼¼±â È«¼öÀÇ °­·ÂÇÑ Áõ°ÅÀÎ ÆòźÇÑ ÁöÇ¥¸é (It¡¯s plain to see : Flat land surfaces are strong evidence for the Genesis Flood)
10. ÅðÀûÁöÃþ »çÀÌÀÇ ¡®ÆòźÇÑ °£°Ý¡¯µéÀº ÁøÈ­·ÐÀû À屸ÇÑ ÁöÁú¿¬´ë °³³ä¿¡ µµÀüÇÑ´Ù. (¡®Flat gaps¡¯ in sedimentary rock layers challenge long geologic ages)
11. ħ½ÄµÇ´Â ¿¬´ëµé : ¼ö½Ê¾ï ³âÀÇ ´ë·ú ¿¬´ë¿Í ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â ºü¸¥ ħ½Ä·ü (Eroding Ages : If our continents were old, they would no longer be here.)
12. Àýº® ºØ±«¿Í À屸ÇÑ ¿¬´ë¶ó´Â À§ÇèÇÑ °³³ä : ħ½ÄÀº ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ ºü¸£°Ô ÀϾ°í ÀÖ´Ù. (A dangerous view)
13. °Ýº¯Àû »ç°ÇµéÀ» °ú¼ÒÆò°¡ÇؿԴø ÁöÁúÇÐÀÚµé : ÇÑ ¹øÀÇ ÆøÇ³¿ì°¡ ¼öõ ³â¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴ ħ½ÄÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. (Geologists Have Underestimated Catastrophes)
14. È£ÁÖÀÇ ±Û·» Çï·» Çù°îÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Çü¼ºµÆÀ»±î? : Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ¼ö±ØµéÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ Áõ°ÅÇÑ´Ù. (Glen Helen Gorge, Australia: How did it form?)
15. ±×·£µå ij³âÀÌ ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù°í º¸´Â ÀÌÀ¯
16. °­ÀÌ »êÀ» ÀÚ¸£°í Áö³ª°¥ ¼ö Àִ°¡? : ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â ¹°·Î ÆÄ¿©Áø ¼ö±Øµé (Do rivers erode through mountains? Water gaps are strong evidence for the Genesis Flood)
17. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ ±¸ºÒ±¸ºÒÇÑ Çù°î(¶Ç´Â »çÇàõ)Àº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ ºÎÁ¤Çϴ°¡? : ÈÄÅðÇÏ´Â ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ¹°·Î ¼³¸íµÇ´Â ¸»±ÁÇù°î. (Horse Shoe Bend, Arizona Carved by the receding waters of Noah¡¯s Flood)
18. ÀªÆä³ª ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ Àå¾öÇÑ ÁöÇü : ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö ´ë°Ýº¯Àº À̰ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íÇϴ°¡? (The awesome wonder of Wilpena Pound, Australia. How the cataclysm of Noah¡¯s Flood explains it.)
19. Å« ±íÀ½ÀÇ »ùµé, ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö, ±×¸®°í °Å´ëÃþ¿¬¼Óüµé (Fountains of the Deep)
20. Áß±¹ÀÇ °è¸², Ä«¸£½ºÆ® »êµé, ±×¸®°í ³ë¾ÆÀÇ È«¼ö (Karst mountains, Guangxi, China, and Noah¡¯s Flood)
21. Áö±¸ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ ³íÀï¿¡ À־ ¿­¼è : ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö´Â À屸ÇÑ ½Ã°£°ú ¾ç¸³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù (The Key to the Age of the Earth)
22. ÇÏÆ®»ê À̵¿°ú °°Àº ÃÊ´ëÇü »çŰ¡ °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀº? : ´ëÈ«¼ö·Î ½±°Ô ¼³¸íµÇ´Â °Å´ëÇÑ ¶¥µ¢¾î¸®µéÀÇ À̵¿ (Supersized Landslides)
23. ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸ÆÀº Àþ´Ù (The Appalachian Mountains are young)
24. ÄÝ·Î¶óµµ °í¿øÀÇ »ç¾ÏÀº ¾ÖÆÈ·¡Ä¡¾Æ »ê¸Æ¿¡¼­ À¯·¡Çߴ°¡? (Colorado Plateau sandstones derived from the Appalachians?)
25. ´ëºÎÁ¤ÇÕ°ú »ç¿ìÅ© °Å´ëÃþ¿¬¼Óü°¡ °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀº? (The meaning of the Great Unconformity and Sauk Megasequence)
26. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ðÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¶õ (How old is Grand Canyon?)
27. Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼öÀÇ Áõ°Åµé·Î °¡µæÇÑ ÀÌ ¼¼°è (Worldwide Flood, Worldwide Evidence)
28. ±×·£µå ij´Ï¾ð¿¡¼­ Àü Áö±¸Àû È«¼öÀÇ 10°¡Áö Áõ°Åµé (Ten Evidences at Grand Canyon for a Global Flood)
29. ´ë·ú ÇØ¾ÈÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ±Þ°æ»ç¸éµéÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼öÀÇ ¹°·¯°¡´ø ¹°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. (Noah¡®s Flood helped form escarpments)
30. µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ ÁöÁúÇÐÀڵ鵵 ÀÌÁ¦´Â Áõ°Å¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù : ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¸¦ ºñÆÇÇÏ´Â ÁöÁúÇÐÀû ÁÖÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯ (It¡¯s time for evolutionist geologists to face the evidence)
31. À°»ó°ø·æ È­¼®ÀÌ ÇØ¼ºÅðÀû¾Ï¿¡¼­ ¶Ç ´Ù½Ã ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. (Dinosaur Fossils Found in Marine Rocks...Again)
32. Áö±¸ ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå ÄÇ´ø ´ë¸êÁ¾ »ç°ÇÀº ³ë¾Æ È«¼ö¿´´Ù. (World's Most Catastrophic Extinction)
33. Àü Áö±¸Àû ´ëÈ«¼ö, °Ýº¯Àû ÆÇ±¸Á¶·Ð, ±×¸®°í Áö±¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç (The Flood, Catastrophic Plate Tectonics, and Earth History)
34. µ¿ÀϰúÁ¤¼³ÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢ÀÎ »ê²À´ë±âÀÇ Æòź¸é (The uniformitarian puzzle of mountaintop planation surfaces)
35. ¼ö¹é °³ÀÇ ÀÍ·æ ¾ËµéÀÌ È«¼ö ÅðÀû¹°¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. (Amazing Fossils Found in Flood Deposits)
36. °ø·æ ¾ËµéÀº ¡®ÀϽà ³ëÃâµÈ ´ëÈ«¼ö ÅðÀûÃþ¡¯ ¸ðµ¨À» ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù. (Argentina egg site supports BEDS model)
37. Æä·ç »è»çÀ̿͸¸ ¿ä»õÀÇ ¹Ì½ºÅ͸®°¡ ¹àÇôÁ³´Ù! Á¶±ÝÀÇ Æ´µµ ¾ø´Â µ¹º®Àº ºÎµå·¯¿î »óÅÂÀÇ ¾Ï¼®À¸·Î ÃàÁ¶µÇ¾ú´Ù! (Secret of Mysterious Megalith Stone Construction Revealed! Sakkara Vases, Rock Footprints, Megaliths All Prove Still Soft Rock!)
 
 
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